On-Demand Logistics: Solutions, Barriers, and Enablers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Q1—
- What are the main innovative solutions for ODL?
- Q2—
- What are the enablers and barriers characterizing and influencing their effective uptake and upscale?
- Q3—
- What are the priority intervention areas for removing the barriers, and how can we define specific influencing components?
2. Literature Review/Overview
- individuating the gap in the literature that this paper will contribute to bridge;
- clarifying the goal of the research.
3. Theoretical Background and Analysis Process
3.1. A Five Step Approach
3.2. Influencing Components
- Stakeholders’ engagement;
- Regulation;
- Organisation
- Technology.
3.2.1. Stakeholders’ Engagement
3.2.2. Regulation
3.2.3. Organisation
- a cost-benefit distribution model among the actors involved;
- services offered;
- strategic conditions (e.g., location of the hub/warehouse, area served, fleet range, product types, etc.);
- new technologies integration (e.g., IT platforms).
3.2.4. Technology
- predicting UFT operations;
- increasing visibility of the whole supply chain;
- automating specific tasks (e.g., warehousing and transport delivery).
4. Results
4.1. On-Demand Logistic Solutions
Delivery Location, Modes, and Times | Loading/Unloading Area Management | Consolidation | Automated Deliveries |
---|---|---|---|
Innovations and solutions to improve the delivery process, i.e., where the goods are delivered, how, and at what time. | Innovations and solutions to improve the management of scarce urban space, in a flexible and integrated way, and of the contested kerbside. | Innovations and solutions to better consolidate and improve the management of flows. This includes both delivery and demand consolidation. | Automated solutions (e.g., drones an droids) can make the freight distribution process more efficient. |
Parcel lockers Pickup Points Click and Collect Crowd-shipping Off-hour deliveries |
|
| Drones
|
4.2. Delivery Location, Modes, and Times
4.2.1. Parcel Lockers
4.2.2. Pickup Points
4.2.3. Click and Collect
4.2.4. Crowd-Shipping
4.2.5. Off-Hour Deliveries
4.3. Consolidation
4.3.1. Urban Consolidation Centre
4.3.2. Micro-Hubs
- a lack of public initiatives which promote competitive advantage creation via micro-hubs and cargo bike schemes (i.e., making it difficult and expensive for vans and trucks to deliver in certain areas and, by contrast, favouring deliveries by cargo bikes and electric vans. References [98,102] provide a detailed list of the possible measures;
- a lack of public action that directly supports trials and implementation (e.g., providing incentives or financial supports for green-vehicle uptake and micro-hub rental/purchase);
- Cost and benefit distribution issues among stakeholders who are usually competitors in a shared micro-hub.
4.4. Management of Loading and Unloading Areas
4.5. Automated Deliveries
4.5.1. Drones
- establishing safety agencies for controlling drone flights over cities;
- determining the flying corridors over roads and buildings;
- defining flight requirements (e.g., height, weight, distance, speed, landing, loading and unloading, and relationship to the other moving objects);
- identifying drone requirement (construction, steering system, moving system, and control system).
4.5.2. Automated Robots
Enablers/ Barriers | Regulation | Stakeholders’ Engagement | Organisation | Technology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enablers | Harmonisation of regulation and procedures for the installation of locker infrastructures. | Involves actors interested in sharing agnostic lockers to create mass. |
| Constant overview of flows and demand predictability. |
Barriers | Limitations to placement of parcel lockers in public spaces. | Still high perceived risk of parcel locker usage. |
| IT integration across supply chain partners. |
Enablers/ Barriers | Regulation | Stakeholders’ Engagement | Organisation | Technology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enablers |
| Light model, reducing fix costs (warehouses, fleets, fuel, drivers). | Advancement in modelling and analysis tools based on machine. learning and artificial intelligence. | |
Barriers | Shippers working status, liability, regulation of privacy protection, tax regulation. |
| Match consumer and shipper needs–maintain a satisfactory number of couriers while providing a convenient service for users. |
Enablers/Barriers | Regulation | Stakeholders’ Engagement | Organisation | Technology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enablers | Access regulation providing incentives for OH operations. | Associate off-hour deliveries with consolidation. | Silent (electric) vehicles for night operations. | |
Barriers | Existing restrictions on vehicles circulation and noise. | Convince shippers and receivers to try the scheme and citizens to accept it. |
|
Enablers/ Barriers | Regulation | Stakeholders’ Engagement | Organisation | Technology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enablers |
| Stakeholders’ integration in a long-term vision, engaging all the main actors. |
| |
Barriers | Difficult to control and enforce. |
| Lack of clear vision on costs and responsibilities allocation along the supply chain. |
Enablers/ Barriers | Regulation | Stakeholders’ Engagement | Organisation | Technology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enablers |
| Balance the demand of the loading and unloading areas with the needs of the other actors who use the road space. |
|
|
Barriers | Currently, also accessible to citizens for private loading/unloading operations. |
|
|
Enablers/ Barriers | Regulation | Stakeholders’ Engagement | Organisation | Technology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enablers | Legislative and regulatory frameworks adapted to enable the use of AVs. | Focus on most promising use cases (e.g., delivery of supplies to hospitals, provide goods to remote areas, monitoring and surveillance, etc.). |
| |
Barriers |
| Concern on privacy, security, environmental pollution, and air-traffic jam. | Lack of support facilities, staging areas and curbing modifications. | Limited payload capacity, flight duration, battery depletion, scarce resistance to weather conditions, interference, and collision management. |
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Macro-Category | Influencing Component to Address |
---|---|
Delivery location, modes, and times | Regulation (parcel lockers, crowd-shipping) Organisation (off-hour deliveries) |
Consolidation | Regulation |
Management of spaces for logistics | Stakeholder engagement Technology |
Automation and drones | Regulation Technology |
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Lozzi, G.; Iannaccone, G.; Maltese, I.; Gatta, V.; Marcucci, E.; Lozzi, R. On-Demand Logistics: Solutions, Barriers, and Enablers. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159465
Lozzi G, Iannaccone G, Maltese I, Gatta V, Marcucci E, Lozzi R. On-Demand Logistics: Solutions, Barriers, and Enablers. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159465
Chicago/Turabian StyleLozzi, Giacomo, Gabriele Iannaccone, Ila Maltese, Valerio Gatta, Edoardo Marcucci, and Riccardo Lozzi. 2022. "On-Demand Logistics: Solutions, Barriers, and Enablers" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159465