Implementation of P-Reactive Layer for Improving Urban Water Quality: Kinetic Studies, Dimensioning and Economic Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reactive Materials
2.2. Batch Kinetic Tests
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Kinetic Models
2.5. Reservoir Dimension
2.6. Phosphorus Removal Efficiency in the Infiltration Time, T
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sorption of Kinetic Tests
3.2. Statistic Anaysiss
3.3. Kinetic Models
3.4. Reservoir P-Reactive Layer Dimension and Economic Analysis
3.5. Limitations of Potential RMs Field Applications
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specification | Tested Reactive Materials | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AAC | Filtralite®Nature P | Leca® | Limestone | Opoka | Zeolite | |
Main chemical composition [%] | ||||||
SiO2 | 57.24 | 63 | 66.57 | 0.61 | 55.11 | 47.8 |
Al2O3 | 1.96 | 17 | 16.57 | - | 5.65 | 6.07 |
CaO | 24.62 | 2 | 2.46 | 29.3 | 23.86 | 2.84 |
SO3 | 1.35 | - | - | - | - | - |
Fe2O3 | 1.03 | 7 | 7.1 | 0.31 | - | - |
MgO | 0.52 | - | 1.99 | 6.79 | - | - |
K2O | 0.48 | 4 | 2.69 | - | 1.04 | 2.19 |
Fe | - | - | - | 0.14 | 2.1 | 1.07 |
Main physical properties of tested RMs | ||||||
Grain size [mm] | 1–2 | 0.5–4.0 * | 0–4 ** | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 |
pH [-] | 9.0 | ≈12.0 * | 7.2 | 8.8 | 10.8 | 8.5 |
Porosity [%] | 83.7 | 60.0 * | 42.0 | 40.0 | 38.0 | 50.0 |
Bulk density [g/cm3] | 0.30 | 0.37 * | 0.51 ** | 1.50 | 0.73 | 0.90 |
P-PO4 [µg/dm3] | BOD [mg O2/dm3] | Total Solids [mg/dm3] | pH [-] | Color [PtCo] | EC [µS/cm] | TDS [mg/L] | Turbidity [NTU] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
186.594 | 4.0 | 24.0 | 7.84 | 150 | 1036 | 518 | 10.5 |
Type | Roofs | Parking Surface | Roads | Pedestrian Walks | Green Areas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface coverage, Fi [%] | 12.29 | 14.98 | 5.92 | 4.02 | 62.80 |
Runoff coefficient, [-] | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
Reactive Material | AAC | Filtralite® Nature P | Leca® | Limestone | Opoka | Zeolite | Initial Load |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AAC | 1.000000 | 0.468086 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.043985 * | |
Filtralite® Nature P | 1.000000 | 0.555554 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.035188 * | |
Leca® | 0.468086 | 0.555554 | 1.000000 | 0.773478 | 1.000000 | 0.000002 * | |
Limestone | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.001679 * | |
Opoka | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.773478 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.022247 * | |
Zeolite | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.000403 * | |
Initial load | 0.043985 * | 0.035188 * | 0.000002 * | 0.001679 * | 0.022247 * | 0.000403 * |
AAC | Filtralite® Nature P | Leca® | Limestone | Opoka | Zeolite | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo-first order model | ||||||
KI (min−1) | 1.7∙10−5 | 9.0∙10−5 | 170∙10−5 | 9.0∙10−5 | 17∙10−5 | 9.0∙10−5 |
qe (µg/g) | 2.479 | 13.813 | 0.9340 | 15.669 | 1.956 | 1.949 |
R2 (-) | 0.6081 | 0.5809 | 0.7495 | 0.7748 | 0.5185 | 0.3388 |
Pseudo-second order model | ||||||
KII (g/µg min) | 28∙10−5 | 88∙10−5 | 35∙10−5 | 54∙10−5 | 27∙10−5 | 12∙10−5 |
qe (µg/g) | 15.221 | 10.427 | 7.199 | 9.990 | 15.015 | 0.083 |
R2 (-) | 0.9653 | 0.9843 | 0.9277 | 0.9864 | 0.9780 | 0.9999 |
Elovich model | ||||||
A | 0.0010 | 0.0664 | 0.000001 | 0.0026 | 0.0013 | 0.0014 |
Β | 0.43 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.44 | 0.71 |
R2 | 0.9103 | 0.8024 | 0.9802 | 0.8135 | 0.9740 | 0.8084 |
Intra-particle diffusion model | ||||||
Kd (µg/g min0.5) | 0.2298 | 0.1365 | 0.1627 | 0.1542 | 0.2290 | 0.1126 |
C (µg/g) | 1.6988 | 3.059 | 2.1121 | 1.2680 | 1.5430 | 1.3406 |
R2 (-) | 0.7932 | 0.5511 | 0.8509 | 0.8385 | 0.9036 | 0.4659 |
Specification | AAC | Filtralite® Nature P | Opoka |
---|---|---|---|
Price, EUR/m3 | 215 | 232 | 332 |
Volume of P-reactive layer (bottom) = 23.1 m3 | |||
Cost of P-filtration layer, EUR | 2489 | 2679 | 3833 |
Total mass of P-reactive layer, kg | 3465 | 4274 | 9009 |
Potential removed mass of P-PO4 in infiltration time, g | 29 | 42 | 77 |
Volume of P-reactive layer (bottom+sides) = 48.6 m3 | |||
Cost of P-filtration layer, EUR | 5234 | 5634 | 8062 |
Total mass of P-reactive layer, kg | 7287 | 8988 | 18,947 |
Potential removed mass of P-PO4 in infiltration time, g | 61 | 89 | 163 |
Unite cost of P-PO4 removed in infiltration time, EUR/g | 85.53 | 63.39 | 49.57 |
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Bus, A. Implementation of P-Reactive Layer for Improving Urban Water Quality: Kinetic Studies, Dimensioning and Economic Analysis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9151. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159151
Bus A. Implementation of P-Reactive Layer for Improving Urban Water Quality: Kinetic Studies, Dimensioning and Economic Analysis. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9151. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159151
Chicago/Turabian StyleBus, Agnieszka. 2022. "Implementation of P-Reactive Layer for Improving Urban Water Quality: Kinetic Studies, Dimensioning and Economic Analysis" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9151. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159151