Coevolution between Terraced Landscapes and Rural Communities: An Integrated Approach Using Expert-Based Assessment and Evaluation of Winegrowers’ Perceptions (Northwest Piedmont, Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Terraced Landscapes and Rural Communities
1.2. Case Study Area
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methodological Framework
2.2. Expert-Based Assessment
2.3. Evaluation of Winegrowers’ Perceptions
- I.
- General information (questions 1–7).
- II.
- Farm characteristics (questions 8–20).
- III.
- Product characteristics (questions 21–23).
- IV.
- Landscape perception (questions 24–31).
- V.
- Future development prospects (questions 32–34).
3. Results
3.1. Expert-Based Assessment
3.2. Evaluation of Winegrowers’ Perceptions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inhabitants (no.) | Aging Index (no. of Inhabitants >64 Years Old Per 100 Inhabitants <15 Years Old) | Housing Density (Inhabitants/km2) | |
---|---|---|---|
Borgofranco di Ivrea | 3590 | 234 | 267 |
Carema | 739 | 233 | 72 |
Nomaglio | 291 | 273 | 95 |
Settimo Vittone | 1513 | 245 | 65 |
Piedmont region | 4,274,945 | 215 | 168 |
Archive Name and Location | Year | Original Name | Documentation |
---|---|---|---|
Historical archive of Carema municipality | 1651 | Lettere per Inibizione delle Vendemmie Istanti li Agenti della Comunità di Carema | Written letter |
Historical archive of Carema municipality | 1749 | Cattastro della Molto Magnifica Comunità di Carema Provincia di Ivrea | Cadastral map |
Historical archive of Settimo Vittone municipality | 1789 | Catastro della Molto Magnifica Comunità di Settovittone | Cadastral map of Savoy family |
Historical archive of Carema municipality | 1802 | Libro Campagnolo Figurato di Tutto il Territorio di Carema | Cadastral map |
Historical archive of Carema municipality | 1802 | Catasto del Commune di Carema | Cadastral map |
Costantino Nigra Civic Library of Ivrea | 1833 | Saggio intorno alle viti ed ai vini della Provincia d’Ivrea e della Valle d’Aosta del Medico Lorenzo Francesco Gatta | Monograph |
Costantino Nigra Civic Library of Ivrea | 1910 | I Vigneti ed il Vino di Carema. Indagini e Considerazioni del Direttore Prof. Dott. G. Chiej-Gamacchio | Monograph |
Costantino Nigra Civic Library of Ivrea | 1986 | I Balmetti di Borgofranco di Ivrea | Monograph |
Questions | Answer Choices |
---|---|
I. General Information | |
1. Do you manage terraced vineyards? | Yes, professional activity; yes, non-professional activity; no |
2. Age | (Years) |
3. Sex (not mandatory) | Male, female |
4. Education | Primary school, secondary school, high school, university degree |
5. Among your family, is there anyone who wants to continue the viticultural activity? | Yes, no, do not know |
6. Do you think you have a role in maintaining the terraced landscape? | Yes, no |
7. What are the identity elements in the landscape? | (Open) |
II. Farm’s characteristics | |
8. How many family members besides you work on the farm? | (Number) |
9. Do you have permanent and/or seasonal employees? | (Number) |
10. Are all the vineyards merged? | Yes, no |
11. Age of oldest vineyards | (Number of years) |
12. Age of youngest vineyards | (Number of years) |
13. Total surface area of terraced vineyards | (m2) |
14. Which vine varieties are present? | Nebbiolo Picotendro, Nebbiolo Prugnet, other Nebbiolo, Barbera, Freisa, Bonarda, Neretto, Croatina, Erbaluce, Chardonnay, other |
15. What is the main vine-breeding system? | Traditional high pergola (warp with wooden poles), modified high pergola; espalier, other |
16. Are stone columns (pilun) present? | Yes, no |
17. In addition to terraced vineyards, do you have any of the following categories? | Meadow/pasture, arable land and cereals, olive groves, chestnut groves, sheep and goats, bovines, no, other |
18. What is the state of conservation of dry stone walls? | Intact, partially damaged, completely damaged |
19. What type of agriculture do you practice? | Conventional, integrated, biological, other |
20. Do you have problems managing terraced vineyards? If so, which ones? | (Open) |
III. Product characteristics | |
21. Do you produce DOC wines? | (List of DOC wines produced in the area), do not produce DOC wines, give grapes to other cellars |
22. What are the distribution channels for produced wine? | Direct sale on the farm, hotels/restaurants/cafes, big organized distribution (supermarkets), solidarity buying groups, online, give grapes to other cellars, not sold (family use), other |
23. In which geographical area is the wine produced sold? | Piedmont/Aosta Valley, Northern Italy, Central and/or Southern Italy, Europe, non-EU countries, give grapes to other cellars, not sold (family use) |
IV. Landscape perception | |
24. Do you think the terraced landscape should be considered an added value to the wine produced there? | Yes, no |
25. Do you think the terraced landscape could also be of interest from a tourist point of view? | Yes, no |
26. Do you think dry stone walls are identity elements of the landscape? | Yes, no |
27. Do you think stone columns (pilun) are identity elements of the landscape? | Yes, no |
28. Do you think the pergola vine-breeding technique is an identity element of the landscape? | Yes, no |
29. Do you think espalier vine-breeding technique is an identity element of the landscape? | Yes, no |
30. Do you think vines are an identity element of the landscape? | Yes, no |
31. Do you think olive groves are an identity element of the landscape? | Yes, no |
V. Future development prospects | |
32. Which future do you think is more possible for your terraced vineyards? | They will continue to be managed in the traditional way (pergola), the traditional vine-breeding technique will be modified (espalier), they will be converted to other crops (olive groves), they will no longer be cultivated but will be managed (mowed), they will be completely abandoned and invaded by woods |
33. Between the two future prospects proposed in the following pairs of images, which do you like more? (indicate an answer for each pair) | A-B; 1-2; 1-3; 1-4; 2-3; 2-4; 3-4 * |
34. Between the two future prospects proposed in the following pairs of images, which do you think is more likely in the future? (indicate an answer for each pair) | A-B; 1-2; 1-3; 1-4; 2-3; 2-4; 3-4 * |
Age Range (2) (%) | Sex (3) (%) | Education (4) (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–30 | 31–45 | 46–60 | >60 | M | F | Primary School | Secondary School | High School | University Degree |
6 | 31 | 22 | 41 | 85.7 | 14.3 | 4 | 33 | 43 | 20 |
How Many Family Members Besides You Work on the Farm? (8) (%) | Do you Have Permanent and/or Seasonal Employees? (9) (%) | |
---|---|---|
0 | 49 | 89.8 |
1 | 26.53 | 8.16 |
2 | 12.24 | - |
3 | 10.2 | 2.04 |
4 | 2.04 | - |
Do you Have Problems Managing Terraced Vineyards? If So, Which Ones? | |
---|---|
Reported Problem | Number of Citations |
Terraces management | 12 |
Accessibility | 11 |
Poor mechanization | 7 |
Difficulty with management | 5 |
Water availability | 5 |
Proximity to uncultivated lands | 2 |
Too much time | 2 |
Land pulverization | 2 |
Management costs | 2 |
Too much time for pergola management | 1 |
Pilun management | 1 |
What Are the Identity Elements in the Landscape? | |||
---|---|---|---|
Reported Element | Number of Citations | Reported Element | Number of Citations |
Terraces | 31 | Pastures | 1 |
Vineyards/viticulture | 19 | Woodlands | 1 |
Pilun | 14 | Mixed agriculture | 1 |
Pergolas | 13 | Uniqueness | 1 |
Dry stone walls | 7 | Rocks | 1 |
Chestnut groves | 6 | Fragility of terraces | 1 |
Olive groves | 6 | Cows | 1 |
Nebbiolo | 2 | Restaurants | 1 |
Mule tracks | 2 | Cheeses | 1 |
Architecture | 2 | Mountains | 1 |
Meadows | 1 | People | 1 |
Do You Think These Are Identity Elements of the Landscape? | ||
---|---|---|
Proposed Element | Yes (%) | No (%) |
Dry stone walls (26) | 100 | 0 |
Stone columns (pilun) (27) | 98 | 2 |
Pergola vine-breeding technique (28) | 100 | 0 |
Espalier vine-breeding technique (29) | 14.3 | 85.7 |
Vines (30) | 98 | 2 |
Olive groves (31) | 32.7 | 67.3 |
Between the Two Future Prospects Proposed in the Following Pairs of images, Which Do You Like More? (Indicate an Answer for Each Pair) (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
95.9 | 4.1 | - | - | - | - |
- | - | 93.9 | 6.1 | - | - |
- | - | 98 | - | 2 | - |
- | - | 98 | - | - | 2 |
- | - | - | 63.3 | 36.7 | - |
- | - | - | 89.8 | - | 10.2 |
- | - | - | - | 89.8 | 10.2 |
Between the Two Future Prospects Proposed in the Following Pairs of Images, Which Do You Think Is More Likely in the Future? (Indicate an Answer for Each Pair) (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
57.1 | 42.9 | - | - | - | - |
- | - | 75.5 | 24.5 | - | - |
- | - | 69.4 | - | 30.6 | - |
- | - | 75.5 | - | - | 24.5 |
- | - | - | 55.1 | 44.9 | - |
- | - | - | 63.3 | - | 36.7 |
- | - | - | - | 75.5 | 24.5 |
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Pomatto, E.; Devecchi, M.; Larcher, F. Coevolution between Terraced Landscapes and Rural Communities: An Integrated Approach Using Expert-Based Assessment and Evaluation of Winegrowers’ Perceptions (Northwest Piedmont, Italy). Sustainability 2022, 14, 8624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148624
Pomatto E, Devecchi M, Larcher F. Coevolution between Terraced Landscapes and Rural Communities: An Integrated Approach Using Expert-Based Assessment and Evaluation of Winegrowers’ Perceptions (Northwest Piedmont, Italy). Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148624
Chicago/Turabian StylePomatto, Enrico, Marco Devecchi, and Federica Larcher. 2022. "Coevolution between Terraced Landscapes and Rural Communities: An Integrated Approach Using Expert-Based Assessment and Evaluation of Winegrowers’ Perceptions (Northwest Piedmont, Italy)" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148624
APA StylePomatto, E., Devecchi, M., & Larcher, F. (2022). Coevolution between Terraced Landscapes and Rural Communities: An Integrated Approach Using Expert-Based Assessment and Evaluation of Winegrowers’ Perceptions (Northwest Piedmont, Italy). Sustainability, 14(14), 8624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148624