Damage Data Analysis of Deep Coal Roadway Roof and Application of Long Anchorage and Zone Linkage Support Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Conditions
3. Calibration of Microscopic Parameters of Rock Masses
4. Model Building
5. Numerical Results
5.1. No Support with Different Thicknesses of the Soft Roof
5.1.1. Crack Evolution Features
5.1.2. Deformation Variation
5.1.3. Damage Quantification
5.2. Control of Roof Damage by Different Lengths of Cables
5.2.1. Crack Evolution Features
5.2.2. Roadway Roof Damage Control with Extending Length Bolts
5.2.3. Roadway Surface Displacement
6. Engineering Practice
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- By building the UDEC model with trigon grid and fish language compiled damage captured function, the fractured evolution, deformation variation, and damage quantification and data analysis were analyzed during the model running. The calibrated process of input parameters guaranteed the model construction in a precise way. Based on the data of roof damage, the results show that the roof’s main trend of damage evolution after roadway excavation progressively developed upward, while there also exists minor damage in the roof’s deeper zones. The initiation and propagation from roadway roof surface fractures to deeper places can largely induce the instability of the roadway roof. The main work of this part is to partition the roadway roof in several zones and quantify the damage. Through the zone damage data analysis in each zone, the construction of anchorage zone should cover the low level of damage zone to realize the stability of roadway roof.
- (2)
- With the variation of bolt length in different models, the 2 m bolt cannot effectively prohibit fractures outside the anchorage zone. Due to the end of the 2 m bolt within the unstable fractured zone, the support system cannot perform well, and the bearing structure easily loses its anchor foundation. By increasing the bolt length to 3–5 m, the fracture range, deformation variation, and damage values all decreased based on the results of data analysis and plotted figures. Extending the length of bolts is to mobilize the rock mass in minor damaged areas and more damaged areas to form a thicker bearing structure with higher rigidity and strength and link different zones’ rock mass to participate in bearing stress together. Long anchorage zonal linkage technology has an important role in the fissure development prohibition in and outside the anchorage zone formed by the long bolts. The formation of thick anchorage zone can prohibit the development of the large crack scope in deep underground openings.
- (3)
- Based on the long anchorage zone linkage technology, the field tests were conducted in typical roadways with different geological characteristics. The application in the typical roadway roof makes the roof and sidewall deform downwards, and fracture scope develops in a small range. All field tests acquired good results on controlling fracture evolution and forming a stable bearing structure to maintain the roof stability. By modeling the controlling experience, the long anchorage zonal linkage technology can be applied to similar problems in underground opening excavation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lithology | RQD | Er (GPa) | Em (GPa) | σr (MP) | σm (MPa) | Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fine Sandstone | 90 | 6.32 | 3.67 | 50.3 | 35.72 | 0.22 |
Mudstone | 72 | 1.35 | 0.36 | 13.9 | 6.07 | 0.3 |
Coal | 65 | 0.99 | 0.19 | 10.5 | 3.79 | 0.29 |
Sandy mudstone | 81 | 5.43 | 2.14 | 16 | 8.90 | 0.15 |
Lithology | Block Basic Parameters | Contact Surface Basic Parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (kg/m3) | K (GPa) | G (GPa) | kn (GPa/m) | ks (GPa/m) | Cohesion, C (MPa) | Friction Angle, Φ (°) (Peak/Residual) | (MPa) | |
Fine Sandstone | 2690 | 2.18 | 1.50 | 132.52 | 53 | 11.5 | 42/36 | 1.10 |
Mudstone | 2461 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 16.27 | 6.51 | 2.36 | 29/24 | 0.20 |
Coal | 1400 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 8.55 | 3.42 | 1.46 | 30/25 | 0.12 |
Sandy mudstone | 2510 | 1.02 | 0.93 | 68.83 | 27.53 | 2.80 | 37/31 | 0.50 |
Material Properties | Bolt Unit | Structural Unit | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | Stiffness of the Grout (N/m2) | Cohesive Capacity of the Grout (N/m) | Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | Tensile Yield Strength (MPa) | Compression Yield Strength (MPa) | Interface Normal Stiffness (GPa/m) | Interface Shear Stiffness (GPa/m) | |
200 | 9 | 105 | 200 | 500 | 500 | 10 | 10 |
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Wang, Y.; Zhang, N.; Wu, W.; Cao, J.; Guo, Y.; Duan, D. Damage Data Analysis of Deep Coal Roadway Roof and Application of Long Anchorage and Zone Linkage Support Technology. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8092. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138092
Wang Y, Zhang N, Wu W, Cao J, Guo Y, Duan D. Damage Data Analysis of Deep Coal Roadway Roof and Application of Long Anchorage and Zone Linkage Support Technology. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):8092. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138092
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yang, Nong Zhang, Wenda Wu, Juncai Cao, Yu Guo, and Donghong Duan. 2022. "Damage Data Analysis of Deep Coal Roadway Roof and Application of Long Anchorage and Zone Linkage Support Technology" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 8092. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138092