Spatial Distribution and Driving Factors of Old and Notable Trees in a Fast-Developing City, Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. District and Green Space Classification
2.3. Field Survey
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. General Description of ONTs in Changchun
3.2. Spatial Distribution and Floristic Composition by Districts and Green Space Types
3.3. Tree Dimensions and Age
3.3.1. Diameter in Breast Height
3.3.2. Tree Height
3.3.3. Tree Crown Cover
3.3.4. Tree Age
3.3.5. Tree Growth Status
3.4. Comparison of ONTs in Three Adjacent Cities of Changchun, Shenyang, and Harbin in Northeast China
3.4.1. Species Diversity of ONTs in the Three Cities
3.4.2. The DBH, Tree Height, and Age Distribution of ONTs in Three Cities
4. Conclusions and Implications
- (1)
- Adequate protection measures and rules towards the maintenance of ONTs must be established. However, these regulations usually receive limited attention. Nevertheless, ONTs can be connected to human minds for their historical characters; therefore, it is a better idea to set up ONTs as a conservation flagship for awakening the residents’ ecological protection awareness, and to actively guide and encourage them to consciously cultivate and protect ONTs.
- (2)
- Necessary conservation measures should be taken in a timely manner for ONTs in weak growth conditions, such as the improvement of soil, the application of fertilizer, the expansion of the tree pool, and the pruning of branches and leaves. For natural disasters, contingency plans and measures should be formulated in time. In addition, as ONTs are consistently lost worldwide, it is necessary to establish a dynamic monitoring platform to observe their changes regularly.
- (3)
- The use of snowmelt agents must be strictly controlled. The snow clearing methods should be artificial and mechanical, and supplemented by snowmelt agents. The type, dosage, and concentration of snowmelt agents should be strictly controlled. Furthermore, a protection zone should be set up around each ONT. Non-chlorinated environment-friendly snowmelt agents (such as organic or inorganic amines and alcohols) are recommended for use near the ONT zones. In addition, advanced snow removal methods, such as the use of thermal energy, should be vigorously advocated.
- (4)
- The development of ONT tourism should be strengthened. ONTs can be used to design tourist routes and carry out activities with different themes; for example, culturally themed tourism concerning ONTs alongside famous mountains and gardens, myths and legends, anecdotes of celebrities, etc.; ecologically themed tourism of “Green, Ancient, Vigorous, Simple and Strange” ONTs; and activities that study their growth rates/restrictions and their relationship with the surrounding environment. In addition, ONTs’ use as the main landscape together with the basic elements of garden landscape, including terrain, water, rocks, structures, landscape facilities, plants, and garden articles, as well as the texture, shape, color, and line, could facilitate a landscape of artistic conception that would increase human attention towards ONTs.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Abundance | Species Frequency | RA (%) | RD (%) | IV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pyrus ussuriensis | 609 | Signature | 78.58 | 77.33 | 77.95 |
Salix matsudana | 61 | Common | 7.87 | 11.29 | 9.58 |
Ulmus pumila | 32 | Occasional | 4.13 | 5.24 | 4.68 |
Pinus tabulaeformis var. mukdensis | 11 | Occasional | 1.42 | 0.96 | 1.19 |
Prunus sibirica | 11 | Occasional | 1.42 | 0.95 | 1.18 |
Quercus mongolica | 9 | Rare | 1.16 | 0.91 | 1.04 |
Malus baccata | 6 | Rare | 0.77 | 0.38 | 0.58 |
Crataegus pinnatifida | 4 | Rare | 0.52 | 0.41 | 0.46 |
Taxus cuspidata | 6 | Rare | 0.77 | 0.05 | 0.41 |
Maackia amurensis | 3 | Rare | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.34 |
Juglans mandshurica | 3 | Solitary | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.34 |
Picea koraiensis | 3 | Rare | 0.39 | 0.20 | 0.29 |
Prunus padus | 2 | Rare | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.26 |
Salix matsudana var. matsudana f. umbraculifera | 1 | Solitary | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.24 |
Phellodendron amurense | 2 | Rare | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.23 |
Acer pictum | 2 | Rare | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.23 |
Pinus koraiensis | 2 | Rare | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.18 |
Salix babylonica | 1 | Solitary | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.18 |
Tilia amurensis | 1 | Solitary | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
Fraxinus mandshurica | 1 | Solitary | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.12 |
Gleditsia japonica | 1 | Solitary | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.11 |
Prunus mandshurica | 1 | Solitary | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
Juniperus rigida | 1 | Solitary | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.10 |
Morus alba | 1 | Solitary | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
Abies nephrolepis | 1 | Solitary | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
Total | 775 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
City | Key Attribute | No. of Trees | No. of Species | H′ | J | Dominant Species | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | Overall a | 775 | 25 | 0.97 | 0.3 | Pyrus ussuriensis | This Study |
Mean a,b | 86 | 5 | 0.96 | 0.66 | [31] | ||
Max.a | 497 | 18 | 2.04 | 0.96 | |||
(District) | (CNA) | (CYD) | (CYD) | (JDZ) | |||
Min.a | 3 | 2 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||
(District) | (ADZ) | (ADZ) | (ADZ) | (ADZ) | |||
SY | Overall a | 2979 | 28 | 0.44 | 0.13 | Pinus tabulaeformis | [45,46] c |
Mean a,b | 331 | 5 | 0.75 | 0.47 | |||
Max. a | 2152 | 12 | 2.1 | 0.95 | |||
(District) | (HGD) | (HGD) | (HPD) | (SBZ) | |||
Min. a | 4 | 2 | 0.11 | 0.05 | |||
(District) | (SBZ) | (QPZ) | (HGD) | (HGD) | |||
HB | Overall a | 1075 | 18 | 0.46 | 0.16 | Ulmus pumila | [41,47] |
Mean a,b | 134 | 6 | 0.65 | 0.41 | |||
Max. a | 398 | 9 | 1.73 | 0.89 | |||
(District) | (NGD) | (ACD) | (ACD) | (ACD) | |||
Min. a | 17 | 3 | 0.13 | 0.12 | |||
(District) | (ACD) | (SBD) | (SBD) | (SBD) |
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Yang, Y.; Bao, G.; Zhang, D.; Zhai, C. Spatial Distribution and Driving Factors of Old and Notable Trees in a Fast-Developing City, Northeast China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137937
Yang Y, Bao G, Zhang D, Zhai C. Spatial Distribution and Driving Factors of Old and Notable Trees in a Fast-Developing City, Northeast China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137937
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yibo, Guangdao Bao, Dan Zhang, and Chang Zhai. 2022. "Spatial Distribution and Driving Factors of Old and Notable Trees in a Fast-Developing City, Northeast China" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137937