Sustainability in Peri-Urban Informal Settlements: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Approach
2.2. Corpus Selection
2.3. Exploring the Corpus, the Concept Map, and the Coding Frame
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Categories Derived
- Drivers and motivations, both structural and functional, of informal settlements in peri-urban areas, following the categorization developed by Dadashpoor and Ahani [13].
- The current practices and challenges on (a) basic services of provision of resources, utilities, and services; (b) the regulatory practice; (c) the economic organization; and (d) the overall governance options for informal settlements.
- The negative impacts on sustainability and related challenges, encompassing (a) the sociocultural impact related to inequalities and social segregation; (b) the environmental impacts, including land use and land cover changes, biodiversity, and the stance facing the risks of natural disaster; (c) the impact on the economy in relation to unequal access to opportunities of social mobility; and (d) the impact on the structure and functioning of the institutions (rules and organizations) in relation to the co-existence of formal and informal paths to sustainability.
- Future trends. This category includes the normative body covered by the corpus, divided into (a) strategic interventions and (b) systemic issues to be addressed.
3.2. Drivers and Motivations
3.2.1. History and Geography
3.2.2. Tenure Systems
3.2.3. Power System, Administration, and Economic Development
3.2.4. Population Growth, Structure, and Movement
3.2.5. Environmental Changes
3.2.6. Social Institutional Capacity to Address Change
3.3. Practices and Challenges
3.3.1. Sociocultural Practices and Challenges
3.3.2. Environmental Regulatory Practices
3.3.3. Economic Practices and Challenges
3.3.4. Modes of Governance and Institutional Practices and Challenges
3.4. Negative Impacts
3.4.1. Sociocultural Impacts
3.4.2. Environmental Impacts
3.4.3. Economic Impacts
3.4.4. Institutional Impacts
3.5. Future Trends of Practice and Research Topics
3.5.1. Land Management and Governance
3.5.2. Spatial Planning
3.5.3. Suggested Research Topics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Distribution, Over Years, of Papers and Citations on “Peri-Urban AND Sustainability” in the Web of Science Database
Appendix B. The Most Frequent Words, Bigrams, and Trigrams
Unigram | Count | Bigram | Count | Trigram | Count |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
land | 3340 | peri urban | 656 | peri urban area | 212 |
urban | 2538 | informal settlement | 573 | peri urban land | 136 |
informal | 1193 | urban land | 288 | land use planning | 73 |
settlement | 1113 | land tenure | 184 | urban land use | 50 |
city | 882 | urban village | 181 | land access system | 41 |
water | 762 | land management | 164 | peri urban space | 40 |
service | 717 | climate change | 142 | peri urban settlement | 37 |
housing | 640 | private firm | 122 | land management framework | 37 |
community | 618 | land conflict | 121 | pour flush toilet | 34 |
local | 609 | urban expansion | 114 | urban land management | 33 |
sanitation | 593 | middle class | 112 | land use policy | 32 |
system | 592 | land administration | 109 | land use management | 31 |
household | 516 | rural urban | 103 | urban land conflict | 28 |
process | 510 | land planning | 96 | urban rural land | 27 |
food | 493 | land access | 87 | land tenure right | 26 |
access | 476 | tenure security | 83 | trigger veto barrier | 26 |
change | 453 | socio economic | 73 | land use conflict | 26 |
resident | 451 | service provision | 71 | planning surveying service | 26 |
rural | 442 | informal land | 70 | land use change | 25 |
planning | 431 | population growth | 66 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 24 |
Appendix C. Codebook, Articles (Cases) with Code, and Code Frequency
Category (Subcategory) | Code | Description | Cases or Articles (n) | Cases (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Drivers and Motivations | - | - | ||
1.1. Structural Context | History and geography | Deals with the past and present cultural connections, and the typical additional keywords and expressions are colonization; legal system; geography; frontiers. Deals also with settlement patterns, i.e., the distribution of people in the territory and relates to urbanization, actual land use, location, resources, density, global position. Typical additional keywords and concepts are urban expansion, urban sprawl, suburbanization, villages, natural resources, expansion, drivers. | 54 | 43% |
History OR geography | 103 | 82% | ||
Tenure systems | Keywords: tenure AND (*system* OR *secure* OR *custom* OR *law* OR *legal* OR *right*). Deals also with property rights, transfer, rent, sales, taxation, subsidies; compensation; expropriation. | 68 | 54% | |
Power system and administration and development model | Refers to democracy, autocracy; centralized; decentralized; segregation; local administration. Typical additional keywords and expressions are administration, borders, administrative division, political system, economic system, power relations, legal pluralism. Refers to conditions and enabling environment for investment and cost-reduction. | 70 | 56% | |
1.2. Flows and processes of change | Population | Deals with population composition, growth rate, demographic dividend. Typical keywords and expressions: youth, female, minorities, growth rate, housing, food security, leisure. Deals also with migrations, ethnic mix, resettlement and displacement, and family, and these are the typical keywords and expressions. Includes social organization, social space, patri- or matrilinearity, measures of success. | 47 | 37% |
Environmental change | It is related to land use and cover change, conversion, risks, resilience, prevention. Additional typical keywords and expressions include water, wetlands, arid lands, river, biodiversity, air. Refers also to man-made environmental changes that drives urban expansion (or contraction). | 73 | 58% | |
Social institutional capacity to address change | This code relates to the capacity to formulate spatial plans, as well as its monitoring, enforcement, and conflict resolution. Typical keywords include public administration, inspection, law, courts, tribunals, mediation, customary law. | 76 | 60% | |
2. Practices and Challenges | - | - | ||
2.1. Sociocultural | Service provision | What and how services are provided, resource allocation for building and maintain infrastructure, segmentation, safety nets, and redistribution. Additional keywords and expressions are water, energy, schools, clinics, health, police, responsiveness. Creation and expansion of water, education, health, sanitation, production, and waste infrastructure is combined. | 56 | 44% |
2.2. Environmental | Regulatory practices | The presence of regulations to respect the natural aptitude and carrying capacity, consolidation, diversity, and risk reduction. Additional keywords and expressions are land use planning, land consolidation, diversity, adaptation, waste management, carrying capacity. | 19 | 15% |
2.3. Economic | Production and consumption patterns | Refers to economic activity: how allocation of land for various purposes is/was made. Includes procedures to provide tenure security, market of resources, and relates to production and consumption, dietary patterns, recycling, circular economy, marketing, relocation, translocation. | 106 | 84% |
2.4. Governance mode | Institutions—actors and rules | Formal and informal actors, rules, law; legality; conflict resolution; consensus building. | 53 | 42% |
State-based and PPP | When the state and government are the main actor in providing services and building and maintaining infrastructure, and mostly influences life by also being the mains customer. Typical keywords and expressions include budgeting, allocation, coverage, quality of services. | 14 | 11% | |
Market-based | With the support of the government, through fiscal policy, investment facilitation, and CRS, services and goods are provided by the private sector, and the typical additional keywords are incentives, business index, connection, business organizations. | 28 | 22% | |
Community-based inclusive governance | This mode of governance ensures participation, education, and civil society involvement in promoting practices and delivering outcomes. | 74 | 59% | |
Participation | Public participation, information and knowledge sharing, collaboration, local knowledge, participatory SIG, action research. | 17 | 14% | |
3. Impacts and Future Challenges | - | - | ||
Sociocultural impact | Refers to inequality, segregation, unrest, vulnerability. Typical additional keywords and expressions are heterogeneity, riot, poor, poverty, Gini, affluent, wealth distribution, injustice, gated communities. | 30 | 24% | |
Environmental impact | Impacts and challenges on the environment refer to promotion of unbound use of limited natural resources, fragmentation, diversity loss, increased risks to disasters, and additional typical keywords and expressions include clearance, fire, floods, fragmentation, deforestation, drought, GHG emissions, pollution, exposure. | 21 | 17% | |
Economic impact | Refers to inefficiency, non-competitiveness, economic exclusion, and additional keywords and expressions are debt, demand, lack of resources, informality, middle class, bankruptcy. | 35 | 28% | |
Institutional impact | Institutional impacts encompass unpredictability resulting from procedural or legal stability, conflicts, and inertias. Additional keywords and expressions are inaccessible, corruption, impunity, fees, weak government. | 7 | 6% | |
4. Future Practices | - | - | ||
4.1. Strategic | Planning and requalification | Recommendations on spatial planning, requalification, land development. Includes words and expressions such as participatory planning, allotment, reserves, open space, protected zones, zoning. | 36 | 29% |
Implementation | Refers to recommendations on how to implement plans, and the typical keywords and expressions are reclassification, demarcation, civil involvement, recognition of rights, training, communication, public evaluation. Example: land AND (*implement* OR *spatial plan* OR *reclassify* OR *regularize* OR *title* OR *recogni* OR *formalize* OR *demarcate* OR *register* OR *adjudicate* OR *conflict resolution* OR *mediate*). | 66 | 52% | |
4.2. Systemic | Transformation | Recommendations on practices aiming at transforming the current state: policy, advocacy, mobilization. Includes sustainable development in general. | 40 | 32% |
Appendix D. Heatmap of Code Occurrences by % of Number of Articles (n = 126), Clustered per Codes, per Year
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Description | Reference Base 497 of n = 505 Articles | Selected Corpus 122 of n = 126 Articles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-Authors | Documents | Citations | Co-Authors | Documents | Citations | |
Co-authorship | ||||||
authors (min. 3 and 2 articles, for base and corpus) | 16 | 54 | 481 | 5 | 12 | 98 |
organizations (min 3 and 2 articles, for base and corpus) | 14 | 97 | 1442 | 7 | 17 | 172 |
countries (min. 10 and 3 articles for base and corpus) | 17 | 525 | 7766 | 17 | 145 | 2378 |
Co-citation of authors (min 20 citations) | 21 | 712 | 10 | 277 | ||
Co-occurrences (all keywords) | sustainability (130); urbanization (57); agriculture (44); management (44); policy (27); ecosystem services (38); cities (29); peri-urban (42); urban agriculture (30); city (32); governance (29); urban (28); peri-urban agriculture (22); systems (26); growth (25); water (23); health (25) | peri-urban area (35); urbanization (25); informal settlements (16); urban area (14); land tenure (17); governance approach (14); land management (12); China (11); rural area (10); urban development (13); land use planning (12); South Africa (10); climate change (10) |
Category | Rank 1 | Rank 2 | Rank 3 |
---|---|---|---|
1. Drivers and motivations | [25,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76] | [19,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110] | [111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123] |
2. Practices and challenges | [25,32,33,37,44,45,48,54,56,68,76,77,80,85,102,107,110,124,125,126,127,128,129] | [31,36,41,43,49,51,55,57,58,61,64,70,73,82,83,84,87,92,93,95,100,109,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141] | [97,99,101,105,111,112,113,114,117,118,119,120,121,122,142,143,144] |
3. Negative impacts | [25,33,41,45,48,52,55,56,58,61,63,70,77,98,100,131,140,145,146,147] | [37,46,60,62,66,72,78,79,84,85,86,89,96,103,106,126,132,137,148,149,150] | [151] |
4. Future trends | [25,36,56,72,76,94,110,128,140,152,153] | [33,49,55,81,83,102,124,126,127,145,147,148,154] | [19,35,113,119,141,143] |
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
History | Time scale
|
|
Geography | Spatial scale
|
|
Location (proximity) |
| |
Patterns and changes |
|
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
Tenure systems | Tenure/property regime
|
|
Security of tenure
|
| |
Governance |
|
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
Power system | Sources of power
|
|
Administration |
|
|
Economic development | Business environment
|
|
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
Population | Natural growth Migration
|
|
Structure | Age and gender groups
|
|
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
(Physical) Environmental changes | Natural causes Human intervention
|
|
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
Social capital and institutions | Organization
|
|
Inclusiveness
|
|
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
Sociocultural practices | Land-related services | Garden agriculture and housing; self-help; spatial segregation; subdivision; gating; neighborhood organization; urbanization services; safety nets; public and open spaces; protected and sacred spaces; inheritance; gender equality; formalization of rights pros and cons; social safeguards; ecosystem services; landfills |
Water and sanitation (some also related to energy services) | Equality of access; infrastructure coverage; groundwater; self-help; maintenance arrangements; hygiene education; pollution and waste management; infrastructure financing; allocation; transparency; security of tenure; rights transfers; negotiations Affordability; compensations; formalization pros and cons; | |
Resource governance | Participative land-use planning; bargaining power; protected areas; fragmentation and consolidation; risk maps | |
Conflict resolution | Legality; legal pluralism; custom formalization; types of land-related conflicts; non-judiciary methods; claims and appeals; enforcement; police; safety | |
Education and health care | Equality of access; proximity; information and knowledge sharing; life skills; personhood; technology transfer | |
Utility: water access | Availability; quality; water rights; irrigation; access and distribution; network; flow and flood management; drought management; technology; power generation; distribution; isolated systems; prices and tariffs as mechanism of segregation | |
Utility: energy | Wind, solar, hydro, tidal; biomass sources; maintenance; access and tariffs as inclusion | |
Utility: transport and communication | Local and long-distance transport; traveling; proximity; network density access and tariffs as inclusion |
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
Environmental regulatory practice | Objective
|
|
Approach
|
| |
Objects
|
| |
Agents
|
|
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
Economic practices | Based on
|
|
Linked to
|
| |
Challenges
|
| |
Agents
|
|
Code | Dimensions | Topics |
---|---|---|
Modes of governance | Modes
| Aims—are they common?
|
Challenges:
|
| |
Practices
|
|
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Carrilho, J.; Trindade, J. Sustainability in Peri-Urban Informal Settlements: A Review. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7591. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137591
Carrilho J, Trindade J. Sustainability in Peri-Urban Informal Settlements: A Review. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):7591. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137591
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrilho, João, and Jorge Trindade. 2022. "Sustainability in Peri-Urban Informal Settlements: A Review" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 7591. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137591