Evaluation of Regional Carrying Capacity under Economic-Social-Resource-Environment Complex System: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework
2.1. Regional Carrying Capacity
2.2. Factor Flow and Regional Carrying Capacity
2.3. Regional Carrying Capacity Evaluation Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Evaluation Model
3.1.1. Weight
3.1.2. Regional Carrying Capacity Index
3.1.3. Regional Carrying Capacity Object
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Criteria for Judging Regional Carrying Status
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Evaluation Results of Regional Carrying Capacity
4.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Carrying Capacity in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
4.2.1. Distribution of Regional Carrying Capacity
4.2.2. Distribution of the Economic-Social Supplying Force
4.2.3. Distribution of the Resource Supporting Force
4.2.4. Distribution of the Environmental Constraint Force
5. Conclusions and Policy Recommendation
- The factor concentration is caused by the factor flow in and among the subsystems of economy, society, resources, and environment in the man-land relationship regional system. Effective aggregation can improve resource utilization efficiency, thus realizing the positive externality and enhancing the carrying capacity;
- Regional carrying capacity is a comprehensive status formed by the interaction of the economy, society, resources, and environment under the open perspective of the man-land system. The supporting force of the resource subsystem has become the most critical factor affecting the carrying capacity of the Yangtze River economic belt. The carrying status of economic-social subsystems, resources, and the environment are highly consistent with the regional carrying status, indicating that the economic-social subsystem also constitutes a part of the regional carrying capacity and has a significant impact on the regional carrying capacity. This verifies the theory proposed in this paper, in which the economic-social subsystem is a part of the regional carrying system;
- The functions of different systems should be treated separately to find out the main factors restricting regional carrying capacity in different periods. The influence of factor flow and material exchange on regional carrying capacity should be emphasized from the perspective of multi-system and multi-factor integration. In particular, economic development and technological progress help improve the efficiency of resource exploitation and utilization and the maximum capacity of the environment to make up for the lack of regional resource and environmental carrying capacity. The regions along the Yangtze River Economic Belt present a relatively balanced regional development trend of carrying capacity, economic-social supplying force, resource supporting force, and environmental constraint force from the eastern part to the central part to the western part.
- The evaluation system of regional carrying capacity formed in this study can be well applied to the evaluation of regional sustainable development and the monitoring of regional carrying capacity in urban spatial planning and can better track the changes in regional resources and the environment. It is suggested that the central government and local governments should apply this system to establish a regional bearing capacity evaluation database;
- The variation of factor flow and the difference in regional factor endowment should be paid attention to in the evaluation of regional carrying capacity in both developed and less developed regions. Green and low-carbon sustainable development should be based on regional differences in resource and environmental endowment and economic and social development status. China’s planning for regional development should be based on the current situation of regional carrying capacity. For example, the Yangtze River Economic Belt should play the role of a growth pole;
- China should continue to carry out ecological civilization construction and carry out ecological protection and restoration projects. According to the evaluation results of carrying capacity, China’s ecological protection and restoration effects are obvious. Financial investment in ecological protection and restoration and ecological compensation should be continuously increased to reduce environmental pollution and improve regional carrying capacity.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Layer | Criterion Layer | Factor Layer | Indicator Layer |
---|---|---|---|
Regional carrying subject | Economic-social subsystem | Labor | Index of number employed |
Capital | Fixed investments | ||
Technology | R&D spending; Full-time equivalent of R&D personnel | ||
Infrastructure | Railway, inner channel, and highway mileage; Urban green area | ||
Resource subsystem | Minerals | Solid mineral production (coal, iron ore, etc.); Oil and gas mineral production (crude oil, natural gas) | |
Land | Urban construction land area; Effective irrigated area of cultivated land; | ||
Water | Total water resources | ||
Bioecological resources | Live wood stock; Food production | ||
Environmental subsystem | Water environment | Total chemical oxygen demand emission; Total ammonia nitrogen emissions | |
Edatope | Pesticide usage; Production of general industrial solid waste | ||
Atmosphere | Total sulfur dioxide emission; Total nitrogen oxide emissions | ||
Ecotope | Forest coverage | ||
Regional carrying object | Economic-social activities | Green GDP | GDP; Loss of value of natural resources; Environmental pollution loss value; Positive returns on resources and environment |
Year | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regional Unit Carrying Capacity | The Yangtze River Economic Belt | 736.61 | 778.73 | 969.6 | 1304.34 | 1318.46 | 1537.3 | 1840.65 | 2225.71 | 2488.86 | 2751.5 | 2992.78 | 3207.7 | 3089.4 | 3927.57 | 4020.18 | 4432.64 |
The country | 813.54 | 822.85 | 965.74 | 1192.99 | 1365.93 | 1533 | 1775.23 | 2118.84 | 2378.7 | 2583.39 | 2822.14 | 2975.2 | 2857.37 | 3499.65 | 3759.04 | 4112.71 | |
The difference rate | 10.44% | 5.67% | −0.40% | −8.54% | 3.60% | −0.28% | −3.55% | −4.80% | −4.43% | −6.11% | −5.70% | −7.25% | −7.51% | −10.90% | −6.50% | −7.22% | |
Carrying status | Deficit | Deficit | Balance | Surplus | Deficit | Balance | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | |
Unit Carrying Capacity of Economic-social Subsystem | The Yangtze River Economic Belt | 776.3 | 761.14 | 970.88 | 1268.49 | 1306 | 1522.69 | 1843.36 | 2212.07 | 2507.06 | 2779.13 | 3051.49 | 3301.24 | 3652.2 | 4096.47 | 4317.65 | 4818.39 |
The country | 831.68 | 809.16 | 956.22 | 1165.23 | 1347.9 | 1524.36 | 1769.22 | 2109.26 | 2391.96 | 2609.21 | 2845.07 | 3020.7 | 3280.85 | 3692.74 | 4157.27 | 4601.49 | |
The difference rate | 7.13% | 6.31% | −1.51% | −8.14% | 3.21% | 0.11% | −4.02% | −4.65% | −4.59% | −6.11% | −6.76% | −8.50% | −10.17% | −9.86% | −3.71% | −4.50% | |
Carrying status | Deficit | Deficit | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Balance | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | |
Unit Carrying Capacity of Resource Subsystem | The Yangtze River Economic Belt | 651.72 | 777.95 | 988.57 | 1299.16 | 1326.9 | 1533.34 | 1842.44 | 2226.68 | 2489.9 | 2756.13 | 3002.96 | 3235.91 | 3524.89 | 4024.52 | 4230.33 | 4713.56 |
The country | 708.42 | 817.28 | 966.92 | 1182.84 | 1360.51 | 1528.2 | 1763.87 | 2109.83 | 2366.84 | 2579.74 | 2820.53 | 3009.5 | 3268.75 | 3735.99 | 4094.54 | 4562.51 | |
The difference rate | 8.70% | 5.06% | −2.19% | −8.95% | 2.53% | −0.33% | −4.26% | −5.25% | −4.94% | −6.40% | −6.07% | −7.00% | −7.27% | −7.17% | −3.21% | −3.20% | |
Carrying status | Deficit | Deficit | Surplus | Surplus | Deficit | Balance | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | |
Unit Carrying Capacity of Environmental Subsystem | The Yangtze River Economic Belt | 636.16 | 764.27 | 966.81 | 1257.39 | 1297.31 | 1512.67 | 1832.81 | 2215.55 | 2521.97 | 2805.21 | 3093.11 | 3352.47 | 3205.78 | 4127.48 | 4425.59 | 5046.89 |
The country | 693.04 | 809 | 951.38 | 1151.82 | 1334.06 | 1506.99 | 1760.68 | 2125.13 | 2427.71 | 2661.11 | 2941.21 | 3129.24 | 3006.59 | 3732.43 | 4220.76 | 4785.72 | |
The difference rate | 8.94% | 5.85% | −1.60% | −8.40% | 2.83% | −0.38% | −3.94% | −4.08% | −3.74% | −5.14% | −4.91% | −6.66% | −6.21% | −9.57% | −4.63% | −5.17% | |
Carrying status | Deficit | Deficit | Surplus | Surplus | Deficit | Balance | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus | Surplus |
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Zhang, Z.; Ou, G.; Elshkaki, A.; Liu, R. Evaluation of Regional Carrying Capacity under Economic-Social-Resource-Environment Complex System: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127117
Zhang Z, Ou G, Elshkaki A, Liu R. Evaluation of Regional Carrying Capacity under Economic-Social-Resource-Environment Complex System: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127117
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zhimin, Guoli Ou, Ayman Elshkaki, and Ruilin Liu. 2022. "Evaluation of Regional Carrying Capacity under Economic-Social-Resource-Environment Complex System: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127117