Strengthening Food Systems Governance to Achieve Multiple Objectives: A Comparative Instrumentation Analysis of Food Systems Policies in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Conceptual Framework for the Study
2.3. Data
2.4. Expert Review
2.5. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overview of Findings
3.2. Policy Aims and Instruments
3.2.1. Key Concern 1: Food Systems Are a Substantial Economic Concern within the Agriculture, Industry and Trade Sectors
“Production and productivity of the agriculture sector is low which negatively affects food security, national self-sufficiency levels, export earnings, employment generation in agriculture and allied sectors, and rural livelihoods in general” Sol Agri
“We have not maximised the potential of the fisheries sector because our planning for this sector in the past has not been adequate... our fish continue to be landed in other countries, supporting the economies of those countries while our government struggles to generate revenue to support its services” Van fish
“Vanuatu’s focus on primary production and processing captures only a fraction of the value-added potential of coconut. Coconuts in Vanuatu are currently used mainly for copra production and some copra oil production while the rest being wasted”. Van Industry
3.2.2. Key Concern 2: Climate Change and Environmental Exploitation Presents a Risk for Productive Sectors
“Vanuatu’s inability to increase and sustain agricultural production is exacerbated by the negative effects of climate change and climate variability.” Van Agri
“Of the total damage and loss for the floods in 2014, 88 per cent is attributable to crops, 10 per cent to livestock, and 2 per cent to fisheries. The total effect to the sector amounts to USD 18.41 million, of which USD 1.50 million (8 per cent) is damage and USD 16.94 million (92 per cent) is loss. Extreme climate events and natural disasters are highly likely to significantly undermine agricultural productivity in the coming years.” Sols Agri
“Positive measures need to be taken to ensure that the environment is not harmed. This might involve the regulation of exploitation of natural resources central to key export industries, such as forestry, fisheries, and mining. A failure to regulate may harm other export industries, such as tourism, or prevent eco-certification that may be important for the maximisation of the return from some industries.” Sol Trade
3.2.3. Key Concern 3: Achieving Food and Nutrition Security Is a Concern for Food Systems Sectors
“Calculations suggest coastal fisheries will not supply the fish required for future food security, with projected shortfalls of more than 4000 tonnes per year in fish supply versus demand by 2030”
3.3. Policy Aims and Instruments
3.3.1. Aim 1: To Increase Food Production for Import Substitution and Export Trade, and to Develop Industry
“Subject to this Act, any investment activity may be carried out by a foreign investor in Vanuatu, unless the investment activity is a prohibited activity- no restrictions are placed on foreign investor participation in onshore fish processing or ancillary services, or in livestock sector” Van Trade
3.3.2. Aim 2: To Promote an Environmentally Resilient Food Supply
“Promote organic farming through awareness, training and certification” Van Ag
“Strengthen traditional and self-reliant agricultural systems through development and implementation of programs with components that encourage growing traditional climate-resilient staple crops such as sweet potato, taro, banana, yam, cassava and trees and animals” Van Ag
3.3.3. Aim 3: Produce Enough Food to Meet Population Requirements for Healthy Diets
4. Discussion
4.1. Opportunities for Win-Win-Win Food System Policy
4.2. Policy Coherence for Promoting Healthy and Sustainable Diets in Food Systems
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Instrument Typology | Definitions/Origin | Included Instruments | |
---|---|---|---|
‘Harder’ | Authoritative | Regulatory and organisation structures with high degree of coercion and no tangible incentive for action apart from civic loyalty [50]. | Legislation, regulation, workplace compliance, policy, zoning |
Incentives-Direct | Instruments that manipulate benefits and costs to create tangible payoffs (positive or negative) to induce action or extinguish activities [50]. These assume individuals have opportunity to take action, recognise this opportunity, and have sufficient capacity to take action [50]. | Grants, business incubation | |
Sanctions | |||
Equipment for farming and processing | |||
Taxes, charges | |||
Agricultural inputs | |||
Land allocation | |||
Incentives- Indirect | Instruments that manipulate benefits and costs (positively or negatively) to motivate action [50], including the provision of services that remove barriers to participation and connections to other actors for mutual benefit (own). These assume individuals have opportunity to take action, recognise this opportunity, and have sufficient capacity to take action [50]. | Quality assurance services including weight calibration, soil | |
High value services including veterinary and machinery repair | |||
Loans and Loan guarantees | |||
General shared infrastructure important to food system (e.g., feed mills, market storage) | |||
Tax concessions or rebates | |||
Formation of farming cooperatives and producer associations to share inputs | |||
Knowledge and skills building | Instruments providing guidance, training and education that enable people to carry out an activity. These assume that incentives and motivations are in place, and the only barriers remaining are information or skill-related. These include social and organisational resources and support [50], and softer policies including guidelines and voluntary standards [48]. | Knowledge and capacity building | |
Awards and certificates | |||
Technical guidance | |||
‘Softer’ | Infrastructure a | Improvements to general infrastructure that are necessary to the functioning of food systems | Waste management, water |
ICT, telecommunications | |||
Roads, transport | |||
Land planning and allocation |
Main Codes | Sub Codes |
---|---|
Framing | Environmental sustainability |
Problem(s)—food/food system | |
Nutrition | |
Gender & youth | |
Governance | Institutional strengthening |
Policy coordination | |
Own agency’s role (related food) | |
Policy implementation | Resourcing |
Partnerships | |
Training | |
Policy instruments, relevant to food system | |
Legislative or regulatory | Legislative—(food) businesses |
Legislative—land & water (production) | |
Legislative—trade, marketing & consumers | |
Economic instruments | Subsidies |
Tax policy | |
Incentives | Access to credit |
Incentives-consumption | |
Incentives—food businesses | |
Incentives—primary production | |
Infrastructure (general, relevant to food eg transport) | |
Knowledge, skills, training | Knowledge & information—consumers |
Knowledge & information—food businesses | |
Knowledge & information—primary production | |
Policy Monitoring & Evaluation | |
Policy objectives | Overarching policy objectives |
Specific priority foods | |
Reference to other policies | National policies |
Regional and international policies |
Food Systems Sector | Solomon Islands | In-Text Abbreviation | Vanuatu | In-Text Abbreviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture and livestock |
| Sol Agri |
| Van Agri Van Live |
Fisheries |
| Sol Fish |
| Van Fish |
Commerce and industries |
| Sol Industry |
| Van Industry |
Finance, trade and investment |
| Sol Fin Sol Trade |
| Van Fin Van Trade Van Food |
Infrastructure and planning |
| Sol Infra |
| Van Infra |
Legislation |
|
|
Food System Outcome Area | Dominant Frames | Key Concerns | Leading Policy Aims |
---|---|---|---|
Economic And Livelihood | Economic impacts/consequences of low production |
|
|
Environmental | Economic impacts/consequences of environmental exploitation, degradation and natural disasters |
|
|
Nutrition | Food security in future periods of vulnerability |
|
|
Policy Aims | |||
---|---|---|---|
Increase the Contribution of Productive Sectors for Import Substitution and Export Trade | Promote Environmentally Resilient Food Supply | Produce Enough Food to Meet Population Requirements for Healthy Diets | |
Authoritative instrument |
|
|
|
Incentives |
|
|
|
Knowledge and skills building |
|
|
|
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Share and Cite
Reeve, E.; Ravuvu, A.; Farmery, A.; Mauli, S.; Wilson, D.; Johnson, E.; Thow, A.-M. Strengthening Food Systems Governance to Achieve Multiple Objectives: A Comparative Instrumentation Analysis of Food Systems Policies in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6139. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106139
Reeve E, Ravuvu A, Farmery A, Mauli S, Wilson D, Johnson E, Thow A-M. Strengthening Food Systems Governance to Achieve Multiple Objectives: A Comparative Instrumentation Analysis of Food Systems Policies in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):6139. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106139
Chicago/Turabian StyleReeve, Erica, Amerita Ravuvu, Anna Farmery, Senoveva Mauli, Dorah Wilson, Ellen Johnson, and Anne-Marie Thow. 2022. "Strengthening Food Systems Governance to Achieve Multiple Objectives: A Comparative Instrumentation Analysis of Food Systems Policies in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 6139. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106139