Land Cover Change Analysis to Assess Sustainability of Development in the Mongolian Plateau over 30 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Model and Methods
2.3.1. Analysis of the Distribution Pattern
2.3.2. Analysis of Rate of Change
2.3.3. Analysis of Change Direction
2.3.4. Analysis of the Land Utilization Degree
2.3.5. Comparative Analysis of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia
3. Results
3.1. Pattern and Change of Land Use
3.1.1. Forest Area
3.1.2. Grassland Area
3.1.3. Cropland Area
3.1.4. Built Area
3.1.5. Water Area
3.1.6. Barren Area
3.1.7. Sand Area
3.2. Analysis of Land Use Degree
3.2.1. Land Use Dynamic Degree
3.2.2. Comparative Analysis of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia
4. Analysis and Discussion of Sustainable Development Status
4.1. Cropland (Related to SDG2)
4.2. Water (Related to SDG6)
4.3. Built Area (Related to SDG11)
4.4. Forest, Grassland, Barren, and Sand Areas (Related to SDG15)
4.4.1. Forest Coverage Rate
4.4.2. Land Degradation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Barren and Sand | Forest, Water and Grassland | Cropland | Built Area |
---|---|---|---|---|
Land use grading index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Type | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Area (km2) | Area (km2) | Area (km2) | Area (km2) | |
forest | 297,307.71 | 274,890.71 | 271,041.79 | 275,259.98 | 292,824.09 |
meadow steppe | 269,024.80 | 250,092.97 | 261,140.46 | 266,330.59 | 270,401.97 |
real steppe | 598,047.25 | 640,716.12 | 570,165.39 | 568,514.86 | 629,169.69 |
desert steppe | 335,509.89 | 398,305.17 | 364,323.40 | 452,786.43 | 429,568.01 |
cropland | 120,292.07 | 125,679.53 | 124,648.73 | 123,006.46 | 126,183.75 |
built | 10,388.93 | 10,624.71 | 11,112.45 | 13,974.20 | 15,290.70 |
barren | 815,336.66 | 745,567.10 | 842,159.09 | 760,906.61 | 705,819.13 |
water | 32,406.27 | 32,039.37 | 31,980.00 | 32,715.97 | 32,225.39 |
sand | 227,978.21 | 228,405.51 | 229,728.38 | 236,781.62 | 239,466.57 |
Areas | 1990–2000 | 2000–2010 | 2010–2015 | 2015–2020 | 1990–2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
forest | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.54 |
meadow steppe | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.26 | 0.08 |
real steppe | 0.09 | 0.08 | 1.04 | 0.14 | 0.33 |
desert steppe | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
cropland | 0.33 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.37 |
built | 0.68 | 3.25 | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.27 |
barren | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.16 |
water | 0.73 | 1.42 | 1.66 | 0.49 | 0.88 |
sand | 0.09 | 0.87 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mongolian Plateau | 166.66 | 169.44 | 165.82 | 168.99 | 171.23 |
Mongolia | 153.97 | 158.23 | 151.97 | 157.14 | 160.93 |
Inner Mongolia | 184.05 | 184.80 | 184.79 | 185.47 | 185.63 |
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Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Ochir, A.; Togtokh, C. Land Cover Change Analysis to Assess Sustainability of Development in the Mongolian Plateau over 30 Years. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106129
Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Ochir A, Togtokh C. Land Cover Change Analysis to Assess Sustainability of Development in the Mongolian Plateau over 30 Years. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):6129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106129
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yu, Juanle Wang, Yi Wang, Altansukh Ochir, and Chuluun Togtokh. 2022. "Land Cover Change Analysis to Assess Sustainability of Development in the Mongolian Plateau over 30 Years" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 6129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106129
APA StyleZhang, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Ochir, A., & Togtokh, C. (2022). Land Cover Change Analysis to Assess Sustainability of Development in the Mongolian Plateau over 30 Years. Sustainability, 14(10), 6129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106129