Assessment of Carbon Footprint for the Textile Sector in France
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- How to account for the French CF and carbon emissions?
- -
- What are the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the production of clothes and household linen in the world and how to assess it?
- -
- What is the environmental footprint of textiles, clothes and household linen in France?
- -
- How much should this impact be reduced to achieve the objectives of the Paris Agreement?
- -
- How should we act at the level of a company, a consumer, and a government to achieve these objectives for the textile sector?
2. Method and Results for the Calculation of the Carbon Footprint (CF) and Emissions for France
2.1. Distinction between Carbon Footprint and Emissions
2.2. Carbon Emissions in France
2.3. Presentation of the French Carbon Footprint (CF)
2.4. Calculations of the Environmental Footprint of Mass Market Textile Products in France
2.4.1. Evaluation of Quantities Related to Textiles Used for the Consumer Market in France
2.4.2. Calculation of Carbon Footprint of Textiles for the Consumer Market in France
3. Discussion
3.1. Potential and Methods of Reducing the Carbon Footprint on an Individual and Industrial Scale
3.2. Circular Economy and the Influence of the End-of-Life of Textile Products
3.3. Calculation Method of CF
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Commissariat Général au Dévelopement Durable. Chiffres clés du Clima; Commissariat Général au Dévelopement Durable: Paris, France, 2020; p. 80. Available online: https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2018-12/datalab-46-chiffres-cles-du-climat-edition-2019-novembre2018_1.pdf (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- Dugast, C.; Soyeux, A. Pouvoir Et Responsabilité Des Individus, Des Entreprises Et De L’état Face À L’urgence Climatique; Carbone4: Paris, France; p. 21.
- Amt, A. Nette Diminution des Émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre. 2020. Available online: https://allemagneenfrance.diplo.de/fr-fr/actualites-nouvelles-d-allemagne/05-Developpementdurable/-/2376492 (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- Friedlingstein, P.; Jones, M.W.; O’Sullivan, M.; Andrew, R.M.; Hauck, J.; Peters, G.P.; Peters, W.; Pongratz, J.; Sitch, S.; Le Quéré, C.; et al. Global Carbon Budget 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 2019, 11, 1783–1838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Peters, G.P.; Andrew, R.M.; Canadell, J.G.; Friedlingstein, P.; Jackson, R.B.; Korsbakken, J.I.; Le Quéré, C.; Peregon, A. Carbon dioxide emissions continue to grow amidst slowly emerging climate policies. Nat. Clim. Change 2020, 10, 3–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, R.B.; Friedlingstein, P.; Andrew, R.M.; Canadell, J.G.; Le Quéré, C.; Peters, G.P. Persistent fossil fuel growth threatens the Paris Agreement and planetary health. Environ. Res. Lett. 2019, 14, 121001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Froemelt, A.; Dürrenmatt, D.J.; Hellweg, S. Using Data Mining To Assess Environmental Impacts of Household Consumption Behaviors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 8467–8478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Les Echos. G7-L’industrie Textile, très Polluante, S’engage Pour L’environnement. Investir. Available online: https://investir.lesechos.fr/actions/actualites/g7-l-industrie-textile-tres-polluante-s-engage-pour-l-environnement-1868705.php (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- ISO 14040. Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Principles and Framework, 2nd ed.; International Standard Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- ISO 14044. Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Requirements and Guidelines, 1st ed.; International Standard Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- ADEME. Déchets Chiffres clés, l’essentiel année 2019. Available online: https://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/documents/dechets_chiffrecles_lessentiel_2019_010695.pdf (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- European Commission. PEFCR Guidance Document—Guidance for the 14 Development of Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs), version 6.3; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Muthu, S.S. Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain, 2nd ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Available online: https://www.elsevier.com/books/assessing-the-environmental-impact-of-textiles-and-the-clothing-supply-chain/muthu/978-0-12-819783-7 (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- Ammar, G.; Roux, N. Délocalisation et Nouveau Modèle Économique: Le Cas du Secteur Textile-Habillement—IRES. Available online: http://www.ires.fr/publications-de-l-ires/item/2557-delocalisation-et-nouveau-modele-economique-le-cas-du-secteur-textile-habillement (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- CITEPA. Evolution de L’empreinte Carbone des Français: Analyse du SdeS. Available online: https://www.citepa.org/fr/2020_01_a09 (accessed on 17 November 2020).
- Pasquier, J.L. Empreinte Carbone. Méthodologie. 2020. Available online: https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2020-01/empreinte-carbone-methodologie-012020.pdf (accessed on 10 November 2020).
- Marilena, M.; Diego, G.; Edwin, S.; Monica, C.; Efisio, S.; Jos, O.; Elisabetta, V. Fossil CO2 Emissions of all World Countries—2018 Report. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/fossil-co2-emissions-all-world-countries-2018-report (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- Garric, A. Le Haut Conseil pour le climat appelle la France à réduire ses émissions de CO2 liées aux importations, en forte hausse. Le Monde, 6 October 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Insee Évolution du Produit Intérieur Brut et de ses Composantes | Insee. Available online: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2830613 (accessed on 17 November 2020).
- Jardillier, A. L’économie Circulaire Dans L’industrie Textile. Available online: https://institut-economie-circulaire.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/focus-textile-sept-2018.pdf (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- Refashion. Rapport D’activité. 2019. Available online: https://refashion.fr/pro/sites/default/files/fichiers/ECO_TLC_FR_BD.pdf (accessed on 10 November 2020).
- Eurostat. Manufactured Goods (PRODCOM). Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/prodcom/data/database (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- Gildas, M. Institut Français de la Mode. Available online: https://www.ifmparis.fr/fr/recherche-academique/desindustrialisation-reindustrialisation-dans-lindustrie-de-la-mode (accessed on 29 July 2020).
- UIT. Tableaux de Bord de L’industrie Textile. Available online: https://www.textile.fr/files/Uit-comext-Decembre-2020.pdf (accessed on 10 November 2020).
- Bernard, A.B.; Fort, T.C. Factoryless Goods Producing Firms. Am. Econ. Rev. 2015, 105, 518–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guinebault, M. Textile/Habillement: Quels Véritables Prix de Revient en Asie et Euromed? Available online: https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Textile-habillement-quels-veritables-prix-de-revient-en-asie-et-euromed-,971860.html (accessed on 12 November 2020).
- Gaudiaut, T. Infographie: Combien Coûte la Main D’oeuvre de la “Fast Fashion”? Available online: https://fr.statista.com/infographie/18006/salaires-ouvriers-industrie-textile-dans-le-monde (accessed on 6 November 2020).
- Chaponnière, J.-R. Salaires: L’Asie des petites mains. Asialyst. 2015. Available online: https://asialyst.com/fr/2015/12/18/salaires-l-asie-des-petites-mains (accessed on 12 November 2020).
- ONC. World Manufacturing Production 2019. Available online: https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-09/World_manufacturing_production_2019_q2.pdf (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- Payet, J.; Zhao, L. Analyse du Cycle de Vie de 17 Articles Textiles; CYCLECO: Ambérieu, France, 2020. [Google Scholar]
Clothes | Household Linen | |
---|---|---|
Quantities sold | 427,512 | 120,918 |
French production | 22,237 | 27,355 |
Importation | 862,636 | 297,150 |
Exportation | 238,498 | 75,481 |
Sale of textiles to individuals in France | 66.14% | 48.56% |
Part of professional products and image (out of private sale) | 10.00% | 30.00% |
Packaging | 7.00% | 7.00% |
Unsold (in the strict meaning) | 4.00% | 2.00% |
Defective recyclable products | 0.55% | 0.55% |
Defective nonrecyclable products | 0.25% | 0.25% |
Unsold goods in the broad sense (EcoTLC not taken into account) | 16.06% | 13.64% |
Total quantity available for the French market | 646,375 | 249,024 |
Quantity available for sale in France outside companies | 581,738 | 174,317 |
Country | Impact Fibers | Impact Transformation | Impact Preparation & Distribution | Impact Utilization in France | Impact End-of-Life Stage | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
France | 7.10 | 10.63 | 0.40 | 2.44 | 0.34 | 20.90 |
Euromed | 7.29 | 24.96 | 0.49 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 35.42 |
Turkey | 7.56 | 25.14 | 0.82 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 36.21 |
China | 7.64 | 32.08 | 1.09 | 2.44 | 0.18 | 43.43 |
RoW | 7.56 | 25.14 | 0.82 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 36.21 |
Hypothetical Production 100% French | French Textile Market in 2019 | Hypothetical Production 100% Chinese | |
---|---|---|---|
Clothes | 175 | 341 | 370 |
Household linen | 52 | 101 | 111 |
All articles | 227 | 442 | 481 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Payet, J. Assessment of Carbon Footprint for the Textile Sector in France. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2422. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052422
Payet J. Assessment of Carbon Footprint for the Textile Sector in France. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2422. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052422
Chicago/Turabian StylePayet, Jérôme. 2021. "Assessment of Carbon Footprint for the Textile Sector in France" Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2422. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052422