Urban Planning and Residential Segregation in Brazil—The Failure of the “Special Zone of Social Interest” Instrument in Londrina City (PR)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Support
- −
- As instruments of land regularization for urbanization of areas occupied by low-income population, through the simplification of the legislation on land parceling, land use, occupation and building rules;
- −
- Or by expanding the supply of housing for the low-income population by allocating new areas for the execution of new housing projects of social interest.
3. Materials, Methods and the Studied Area
4. Housing Needs and Policy Responses in the Municipality of Londrina/PR
4.1. Housing Needs in Londrina
4.2. The Instruments of Municipal Urban Planning in Londrina and Their Coherence with the City Statute
5. Discussion about the Inefficiency of the ZEIS to Fight Social Segregation
- I.
- ZEIS 1: public or private areas informally occupied by socially vulnerable population segments, in which there is public interest in promoting housing programs of social interest and land regularization, urbanistic and legal, as a result of the Urbanization Plan—PU, as established by law;
- II.
- ZEIS 2: areas of irregular and even clandestine housing estates, of social interest, and preferably of socially vulnerable population segments, executed by the public or private entrepreneurs, which have availability to regularize the properties according to current legislation; and
- III.
- ZEIS 3: tracks and land not parceled out or not built, not used or underused for urban purposes, as well as buildings not used or underused, located primarily in areas where there is urban infrastructure or on land on which there is interest in promoting housing programs of social interest (Londrina, 2015)”.
6. Conclusions
- −
- Improve the quality of the diagnosis and attend to strategic planning principles; consider future scenarios of population and economic activities demand and promote their location based on functional mix, social mix and minimal infrastructure/services attendance;
- −
- Related to the previous aspect, there is a need to improve the quantity and quality of statistical and qualitative data about the city performance in different sectors, namely housing, transport/mobility, environment, health and education sectors; these improvements should be organized in a monitoring system to support public policy decision;
- −
- Insertion of the ZEIS in the complementary law on land use and occupancy (urban zoning) in aligned timeline;
- −
- Establish of a land reserve for future housing developments, to avoid the peripheral location of these zones, strictly connected with the complementary law of land use and occupancy; these areas must be localized in pre-defined areas to attend minimal density criteria of housing mix;
- −
- Establish rules of social and functional mix for different parts of the urbanization area. Is fundamental to define the model of urbanization: combat vacant spaces and define minimal housing and infrastructure densities to allow urban occupation;
- −
- Define complementary broad measures of social interest as rent price maintenance, in months of emergency or the adjustment of social rent. With crises, the excessive burden of rent payment on workers’ income leads more families to irregular occupations. This measure is defended at all scales (federal, state and municipal) and could be fundamental to control pressure;
- −
- Implement the technical assistance in housing of social interest (Law nº. 11.888.2008) in order to build or improve precarious domiciles to soften the excessive densification.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Precarious Settlements * | Irregular Occupations ** | Irregular Allotments *** | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regions | No. of Families | %. of Families | No. of Families | %. Of Families | No. of Families | %. of Families |
Center | 68 | 2.28 | 38 | 2.21 | 23 | 0.66 |
North | 422 | 14.13 | 466 | 27.07 | 1944 | 55.45 |
East | 1366 | 45.73 | 485 | 28.16 | 434 | 12.38 |
West | 197 | 6.60 | 132 | 7.66 | 830 | 23.67 |
South | 886 | 29.66 | 601 | 34.90 | 275 | 7.84 |
Rural | 48 | 1.61 | − | − | − | − |
Total | 2987 | 100.0 | 1722 | 100.0 | 3506 | 100.0 |
City Statute Guidelines * | Londrina Master Plan | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Key Principle—Search for Sustainable Development, Considering the Physical, Biological, Social, Economic and Cultural Contexts | ||||
Goal 1 | Goal 2 | Goal 3 | Goal 4 | |
Guideline I | ×× | ×× | × | |
Guideline II | × | |||
Guideline III | × | × | ||
Guideline IV | ×× | ×× | × | |
Guideline V | ×× | ×× | × | |
Guideline VI | × | × | ||
Guideline VII | ×× | × | ×× | |
Guideline VIII | ×× | × | × | |
Guideline IX | × | |||
Guideline X | × | × | ||
Guideline XI | × | ×× | ||
Guideline XII | × | |||
Guideline XIII | × | |||
Guideline XIV | × | × | ||
Guideline XV | × | × | × | |
Guideline XVI | × | × | ||
Guideline XVII | × | × | ||
Guideline XVIII | × | × | ||
Guideline XIX | × | × |
Number of Families | % | |
---|---|---|
Total of families | 180,264 | 100.00 |
Total of families enrolled in the social services network (IRSAS) | 65,796 | 36.5 |
Families with income of 1–2 minimum wage/per capita | 45,246 | 25.1 |
Families with income lower than 1 minimum wage/capita | 69,221 | 38.4 |
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Marques da Costa, E.; Antonello, I.T. Urban Planning and Residential Segregation in Brazil—The Failure of the “Special Zone of Social Interest” Instrument in Londrina City (PR). Sustainability 2021, 13, 13285. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313285
Marques da Costa E, Antonello IT. Urban Planning and Residential Segregation in Brazil—The Failure of the “Special Zone of Social Interest” Instrument in Londrina City (PR). Sustainability. 2021; 13(23):13285. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313285
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarques da Costa, Eduarda, and Ideni Terezinha Antonello. 2021. "Urban Planning and Residential Segregation in Brazil—The Failure of the “Special Zone of Social Interest” Instrument in Londrina City (PR)" Sustainability 13, no. 23: 13285. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313285
APA StyleMarques da Costa, E., & Antonello, I. T. (2021). Urban Planning and Residential Segregation in Brazil—The Failure of the “Special Zone of Social Interest” Instrument in Londrina City (PR). Sustainability, 13(23), 13285. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313285