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Volume 13
Issue 22
10.3390/su132212411
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Article

Biosphere Reserves in Lebanon: Rifts between Conservation Discourse and Practice

by
Sarah Karam
1,
Giuliano Martiniello
2,3,*,
Ali Chalak
3,
Mounir Abi-Said
4 and
Shadi Kamal Hamadeh
1
1
Environment and Sustainable Development Unit, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
2
Political Science and Political Economy at Sciences Po Rabat, Universite’ Internationale de Rabat, Rabat 11103, Morocco
3
Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
4
L2GE, Life and Earth Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Jdeideh 90656, Lebanon
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12411; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212411
Submission received: 18 August 2021 / Revised: 18 October 2021 / Accepted: 2 November 2021 / Published: 10 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability, Biodiversity and Conservation)
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Abstract

Protected areas (PA), especially biosphere reserves (BR), are considered effective instruments for nature conservation and rural development. However, their impact on rural communities constitutes the most controversial debate in conservation policy and practice. This study aims to reveal the perceptions of local communities towards conservation, the extent of the inclusion of local communities in the establishment and management of a BR and the impact of BRs on local livelihoods by exploring a case study while reflecting on major debates in the conservation and rural development paradigms. Mixed research methods focusing on qualitative methodology are used. By exploring a BR in Lebanon, this research highlights how the allocation and management of the BRs have not always reflected participatory, sustainable and community-based approaches. This study stresses the importance of the locals’ engagement in the whole conservation process. By putting people, their needs and perceptions at the center of decision-making, conservation agencies would shift the main objective of BRs from conservation to poverty reduction.
Keywords: protected areas; biosphere reserves; rural development; participation; rural livelihoods protected areas; biosphere reserves; rural development; participation; rural livelihoods

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MDPI and ACS Style

Karam, S.; Martiniello, G.; Chalak, A.; Abi-Said, M.; Hamadeh, S.K. Biosphere Reserves in Lebanon: Rifts between Conservation Discourse and Practice. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212411

AMA Style

Karam S, Martiniello G, Chalak A, Abi-Said M, Hamadeh SK. Biosphere Reserves in Lebanon: Rifts between Conservation Discourse and Practice. Sustainability. 2021; 13(22):12411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212411

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karam, Sarah, Giuliano Martiniello, Ali Chalak, Mounir Abi-Said, and Shadi Kamal Hamadeh. 2021. "Biosphere Reserves in Lebanon: Rifts between Conservation Discourse and Practice" Sustainability 13, no. 22: 12411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212411

APA Style

Karam, S., Martiniello, G., Chalak, A., Abi-Said, M., & Hamadeh, S. K. (2021). Biosphere Reserves in Lebanon: Rifts between Conservation Discourse and Practice. Sustainability, 13(22), 12411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212411

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