Temperature Variations and Possible Forcing Mechanisms over the Past 300 Years Recorded at Lake Chaonaqiu in the Western Loess Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Background and Sampling
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Chronology
3.2. Proxy Indices
4. Discussion
4.1. Climatic Significance of the Authigenic Carbonate
4.2. Temperature Variations at Lake Chaonaqiu over the Past 300 Years
4.3. Temperature Variations on the Western Loess Plateau over the Past 300 Years
No. | Solar Calendar Dates | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | 31 July 1744 | The 9th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Qing Dynasty: On 25 July, uncovered oats in Haiyuan, Guyuan, and Huating Counties were damaged by frost. |
2 | 24 April1748 | The 13th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Qing Dynasty: On the evening of 1 March, seedlings were killed by frost in Gangu, while on the same night, heavy snow fell on the suburbs in Guyuan. |
3 | 1749 | The 14th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Qing Dynasty: Longde, Guyuan, and other counties were affected by summertime and autumn frosts. |
4 | December 1773 | The 38th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Qing Dynasty: In November, relief aid was provided to refugees of frost and famine in Jingchuan. |
5 | 1776 | The 41st year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Qing Dynasty: Chongxin, Jingchuan, and Lingtai Counties were affected by frost. |
6 | 4 June 1777 | The 42nd year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Qing Dynasty: On 2 May, Dingxi experienced frost. |
7 | December 1783 | The 48th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Qing Dynasty: In November, wildflowers were in full bloom in Zhenyuan. ★ |
8 | November 1817 | The 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty: In November, peach trees were blooming in Zhenyuan. ★ |
9 | December 1818 | The 23rd year of the reign of Emperor Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty: In November, peaches and winter jasmine were blooming in Zhenyuan. ★ |
10 | 1837 | The 18th year of the reign of Emperor Daoguang, Qing Dynasty: On 12 January (equivalent to 5 March 1838), grain rations and seeds were provided to frost refugees in Guyuan and Longde. |
11 | 19 December 1840 | The 20th year of the reign of Emperor Daoguang, Qing Dynasty: On 26 November, the old and new taxes were postponed for frost refugees in Longde. |
12 | December 1841 | The 21st year of the reign of Emperor Daoguang, Qing Dynasty: In November, the old taxes were postponed due to frost in Guyuan and Lingtai. |
13 | 14 November 1868 | The 7th year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi, Qing Dynasty: On 1 October, Zhuanglang County was seriously impacted by a snowstorm, which buried roads and crushed vegetation. |
14 | April 1871 | The 10th year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi, Qing Dynasty: In April, Lingtai County suffered heavy frost, resulting in serious damage to seedlings. |
15 | 1873 | The 12th year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi, Qing Dynasty: During summer, Lingtai County suffered heavy frost, resulting in the loss of seedlings and crops. |
16 | 30 May 1884 | The 10th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Qing Dynasty: On 8 April heavy sleet fell in Jingchuan. |
17 | May,1890 | The 16th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Qing Dynasty: In April, crops in Jingyuan were killed by frost. |
18 | September 1902 | The 28th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Qing Dynasty: In August, seedlings in Guangleli (an ancient placename), Zhuanglang County, were damaged by heavy frost. |
19 | 1911 | The 3rd year of the reign of Emperor Xuantong, Qing Dynasty: In Autumn, vegetation bloomed again in Huating. ★ |
20 | 1915 | The 4th year of the Republic of China: In Autumn, vegetation bloomed again in Huating. ★ |
21 | 1930 | The 19th year of the Republic of China: Longde was affected by black frost, resulting in famine refugees. |
22 | 1932 | The 21st year of the Republic of China: Piangliang County was affected by frost during the first half of the year. Black frost during the autumn damaged seedlings in Lingtai, impacting an area spanning >100 miles from north to south. |
23 | 2 May 1933 | The 22nd year of the Republic of China: On 8 April, Jingyuan County was impacted by a blizzard and intense cold, with >5 feet (equivalent to 155 cm) of snow falling in the Longshan Mountains. |
24 | 1938 | The 27th year of the Republic of China: It took quite a long time for the heavy snow in Huating to melt. |
25 | 1940 | The 29th year of the Republic of China: Black frost killed seedlings in Lingtai, Huanting, Chongxin, Pingliang, Zhenyuan, Zhuanglang, and Jingning Counties. |
26 | 1941 | The 30th year of the Republic of China: Black frost killed seedlings in Pingliang, Huanting, Chongxin, Jingning, and Longde Counties. |
27 | 1942 | The 31st year of the Republic of China: Black frost killed crops in Huanting, Zhuanglang, Pingliang, and Jingning Counties. |
28 | 1943 | The 32nd year of the Republic of China: Frost caused extensive damage in Baishui (and thirteen other towns in Pingliang County), Jingfchuan and Shuiluo (and eleven other towns in Zhuanglang County), and Jingning. |
29 | 1945 | The 34th year of the Republic of China: Pingliang suffered frost. On 4 October, early frost in Zhenyuan resulted in extensive ice cover (frost of 0.3 cm depth) and killed >80% of the buckwheat crop. In May, black frost occurred in Chengguan and five other towns in Huating County, damaging the majority of the sprouting wheat crop. |
30 | 1947 | The 36th year of the Republic of China: On 9 and 10 October heavy frost occurred in Longpan town in Pingliang County, killing the foxtail millet and buckwheat crops. Black frost occurred in Ankou and Longyan towns, Huating County, resulting in the destruction of sprouting wheat and other crops. On 15 May frost damaged crops in Shenshangu town, Chongxin County. |
31 | 1971 | On 25 September early frost occurred in Pingliang and other regions, with minimum ground temperatures of −4 °C to −1 °C. |
32 | 1972 | Between 13 and 15 May late frosts occurred in Dingxi, Pingliang, and Qingyang, with minimum ground temperatures of −5°C and widespread cotton, corn, and crop failures. |
33 | 1974 | Late frost ends on 9–10 May in Gansu Province, and is delayed for 15–22 days in Tianshui and Longdong. Such an occurrence is rare in recent decades. |
34 | 1976 | The average temperature for July in Pingliang dropped by 0.1–1.0 °C. |
35 | 1979 | Extreme cold events occurred in 1979, 1987, 1993, and 1995 in Ningxia Province (1949~2000). |
36 | 1987 | |
37 | 1993 | |
38 | 1995 |
4.4. Possible Forcing Mechanisms of WLP Temperature Variations over the Past 300 Years
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Yu, K.; Wang, L.; Liu, L.; Sheng, E.; Liu, X.; Lan, J. Temperature Variations and Possible Forcing Mechanisms over the Past 300 Years Recorded at Lake Chaonaqiu in the Western Loess Plateau. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11376. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011376
Yu K, Wang L, Liu L, Sheng E, Liu X, Lan J. Temperature Variations and Possible Forcing Mechanisms over the Past 300 Years Recorded at Lake Chaonaqiu in the Western Loess Plateau. Sustainability. 2021; 13(20):11376. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011376
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Keke, Le Wang, Lipeng Liu, Enguo Sheng, Xingxing Liu, and Jianghu Lan. 2021. "Temperature Variations and Possible Forcing Mechanisms over the Past 300 Years Recorded at Lake Chaonaqiu in the Western Loess Plateau" Sustainability 13, no. 20: 11376. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011376