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Sustainability
Volume 13
Issue 19
10.3390/su131910946
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Review

Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia Contributes to Social and Economic Aspects of Livelihoods and Community Wellbeing

by
Michael A. Rimmer
1,*,
Silva Larson
1,
Imran Lapong
2,
Agus Heri Purnomo
3,
Petrus Rani Pong-Masak
4,
Libby Swanepoel
5 and
Nicholas A. Paul
1
1
School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
2
Department of Aquaculture, Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Maritim Balikdiwa, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
3
Research Centre for Marine Fisheries Socioeconomics, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
4
Research Institute for Seaweed Culture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Mananggu, Boalemo 96265, Indonesia
5
School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 10946; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910946
Submission received: 24 July 2021 / Revised: 24 September 2021 / Accepted: 27 September 2021 / Published: 1 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Creating a Brighter Future for Life in the Tropics)
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Abstract

Seaweed farming in Indonesia is carried out throughout much of the archipelago and is mainly undertaken by smallholder farmers. Indonesia is the largest global producer of the red seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma, which are used to produce carrageenan, and is a major producer of Gracilaria, which is used to produce agar. Seaweed farming is attractive to farmers in rural coastal communities because capital and operating costs are low, farming techniques are not technically demanding, labour requirements are relatively low (allowing farmers to engage in other livelihoods), and production cycles are short (30–45 days), providing regular income. Using reported values for seaweed-farming income, we conclude that seaweed farming can, but does not always, lift rural households above the Indonesian poverty line. In addition to direct financial benefits, seaweed farming also contributes to human and social capital within seaweed farming households and communities. Achieving continued economic and social benefits from seaweed farming will require additional policy development, as well as research and development to support improved and more consistent seaweed productivity and improved product quality at the farm level, provision of effective extension and technical support services, and diversification of the existing value chains in order to reduce the impacts of price fluctuations that are associated with limited global commodity chains.
Keywords: seaweed; livelihoods; aquaculture; Indonesia; value chain seaweed; livelihoods; aquaculture; Indonesia; value chain

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rimmer, M.A.; Larson, S.; Lapong, I.; Purnomo, A.H.; Pong-Masak, P.R.; Swanepoel, L.; Paul, N.A. Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia Contributes to Social and Economic Aspects of Livelihoods and Community Wellbeing. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910946

AMA Style

Rimmer MA, Larson S, Lapong I, Purnomo AH, Pong-Masak PR, Swanepoel L, Paul NA. Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia Contributes to Social and Economic Aspects of Livelihoods and Community Wellbeing. Sustainability. 2021; 13(19):10946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910946

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rimmer, Michael A., Silva Larson, Imran Lapong, Agus Heri Purnomo, Petrus Rani Pong-Masak, Libby Swanepoel, and Nicholas A. Paul. 2021. "Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia Contributes to Social and Economic Aspects of Livelihoods and Community Wellbeing" Sustainability 13, no. 19: 10946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910946

APA Style

Rimmer, M. A., Larson, S., Lapong, I., Purnomo, A. H., Pong-Masak, P. R., Swanepoel, L., & Paul, N. A. (2021). Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia Contributes to Social and Economic Aspects of Livelihoods and Community Wellbeing. Sustainability, 13(19), 10946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910946

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