The Effects of Pedestrian Environments on Walking Behaviors and Perception of Pedestrian Safety
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Affect parents’ decision to walk themselves and allow their children to walk to school;
- (2)
- Affect parent’s perceptions of pedestrian safety for themselves and their children.
1.1. Research Background
1.1.1. Sidewalks
1.1.2. Landscape Buffers
1.1.3. Trees
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Environmental Conditions
2.4. Research Procedure and Questions
2.4.1. Walkability
- Would you like to walk in this environment?
- Would you be willing to let your children walk in this environment?
2.4.2. Perception of Pedestrian Safety
- What is your sense of the overall safety of the environment you just walked through?
- How safe is this environment for your child to walk to school?
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Conditions (Condition 1 through Condition 6)
3.2. Environmental Factors (Sidewalks, Landscape Buffers, and Street Trees)
3.2.1. Sidewalks
3.2.2. Landscape Buffers
3.2.3. Street Trees
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Condition 1 | Condition 2 | Condition 3 | Condition 4 | Condition 5 | Condition 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sidewalks | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Landscape Buffer | No | No | 4 feet | 8 feet | 4 feet | 8 feet |
Street Trees | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Conditions | Simulations | Actual Environments |
---|---|---|
1 | ||
2 | ||
3 | ||
4 | ||
5 | ||
6 |
Condition 1 Mean (SD) | Condition 2 Mean (SD) | Condition 3 Mean (SD) | Condition 4 Mean (SD) | Condition 5 Mean (SD) | Condition 6 Mean (SD) | Grand Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sidewalk | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Landscape Buffer | No | No | 4 feet | 8 feet | 4 feet | 8 feet | |
Street Trees | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | |
Parents’ Walking | 1.54 (0.76) | 1.81 (0.85) | 3.00 (0.69) | 2.81 (0.80) | 2.88 (0.77) | 3.28 (0.61) | 2.55 (0.49) |
Children’s Walking | 1.15 (0.37) | 1.33 (0.60) | 2.19 (0.72) | 2.29 (0.84) | 2.17 (0.76) | 2.60 (0.78) | 1.97 (0.47) |
Overall Safety | 1.40 (0.58) | 1.65 (0.63) | 2.76 (0.60) | 2.52 (0.82) | 2.65 (0.75) | 3.04 (0.72) | 2.34 (0.48) |
Children’s Safety | 1.15 (0.37) | 1.25 (0.48) | 2.28 (0.77) | 2.31 (0.75) | 2.23 (0.86) | 2.52 (0.78) | 1.96 (0.47) |
Between Subjects | Within Subjects | Interaction | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Order (O) | Pedestrian Environments (PE) | O × PE | ||||||||||
SS | df | MS | F | SS | df | MS | F | SS | df | MS | F | |
Parents’ Walking | 10.63 | 5 | 2.13 | 1.68 | 62.64 | 5 | 12.53 | 35.63 *** | 12.41 | 25 | 0.50 | 1.41 |
Children’s Walking | 6.89 | 5 | 1.38 | 1.09 | 41.53 | 5 | 8.31 | 25.18 *** | 6.51 | 25 | 0.26 | 0.79 |
Overall Safety | 5.72 | 5 | 1.15 | 0.90 | 43.47 | 5 | 8.69 | 29.61 *** | 10.91 | 25 | 0.44 | 1.49 |
Children’s Safety | 6.99 | 5 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 44.64 | 5 | 8.93 | 24.47 *** | 8.34 | 25 | 0.33 | 0.92 |
Conditions | Conditions | Mean Difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent’s Walking | Children’s Walking | Overall Safety | Children’s Safety | ||
1 | 3 | −1.52 *** | −1.04 *** | −1.35 *** | −1.13 *** |
4 | −1.32 *** | −1.14 *** | −1.13 *** | −1.16 *** | |
5 | −1.40 *** | −1.02 *** | −1.22 *** | −1.08 *** | |
6 | −1.80 *** | −1.48 *** | −1.57 *** | −1.38 *** | |
2 | 3 | −1.24 *** | −0.86 *** | −1.09 *** | −1.00 *** |
4 | −1.04 *** | −0.96 *** | −0.87 *** | −1.03 *** | |
5 | −1.12 *** | −0.84 *** | −0.96 *** | −0.95 *** | |
6 | −1.52 *** | −1.3 *** | −1.30 *** | −1.25 *** | |
6 | 3 | ns | 0.44 * | ns | ns |
6 | 4 | 0.48 ** | 0.34 * | 0.44 ** | ns |
6 | 5 | 0.40 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.14 * |
Sidewalks | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
SS | df | F | ηp2 | |
Parents’ Walking | 19.20 | 1 | 72.33 *** | 0.74 |
Children’s Walking | 12.07 | 1 | 135.96 *** | 0.85 |
Overall Safety | 16.53 | 1 | 147.35 *** | 0.86 |
Children’s Safety | 38.71 | 1 | 149.04 *** | 0.86 |
Landscape Buffers | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS | df | MS | F | ηp2 | |
Parents’ Walking | 30.20 | 2 | 15.10 | 78.36 *** | 0.76 |
Children’s Walking | 21.05 | 2 | 10.52 | 54.92 *** | 0.69 |
Overall Safety | 25.16 | 2 | 12.58 | 61.83 *** | 0.71 |
Children’s Safety | 21.95 | 2 | 10.97 | 59.30 *** | 0.70 |
Main Effects | Interaction | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buffer Widths (BW) | Street Trees (ST) | BW × ST | ||||||||||
SS | df | F | ηp2 | SS | df | F | ηp2 | SS | df | F | ηp2 | |
Parents’ Walking | 0.81 | 1 | 1.63 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.80 | 0.03 | 2.25 | 1 | 21.6 *** | 0.47 |
Children’s Walking | 0.64 | 1 | 1.84 | 0.07 | 1.96 | 1 | 3.91 | 0.14 | 0.81 | 1 | 3.94 | 0.14 |
Overall Safety | 0.67 | 1 | 1.96 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.61 | 0.03 | 2.04 | 1 | 10.53 ** | 0.31 |
Children’s Safety | 0.17 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 1 | 3.38 | 0.12 | 0.45 | 1 | 1.46 | 0.06 |
Street Trees | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
SS | df | F | ηp2 | |
Parents’ Walking | 8.08 | 1 | 48.47 *** | 0.66 |
Children’s Walking | 5.56 | 1 | 45.30 *** | 0.64 |
Overall’ Safety | 7.89 | 1 | 49.99 *** | 0.67 |
Children’s Safety | 9.66 | 1 | 19.21 *** | 0.43 |
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Kweon, B.-S.; Rosenblatt-Naderi, J.; Ellis, C.D.; Shin, W.-H.; Danies, B.H. The Effects of Pedestrian Environments on Walking Behaviors and Perception of Pedestrian Safety. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168728
Kweon B-S, Rosenblatt-Naderi J, Ellis CD, Shin W-H, Danies BH. The Effects of Pedestrian Environments on Walking Behaviors and Perception of Pedestrian Safety. Sustainability. 2021; 13(16):8728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168728
Chicago/Turabian StyleKweon, Byoung-Suk, Jody Rosenblatt-Naderi, Christopher D. Ellis, Woo-Hwa Shin, and Blair H. Danies. 2021. "The Effects of Pedestrian Environments on Walking Behaviors and Perception of Pedestrian Safety" Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168728