Neighborhood Environment, Active Commute, and Healthy BMI in Adolescents
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Analytical Framework and Latent Variable Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Statistical Results
3.2. Latent Variable Analysis
3.3. A Pooled Latent Variable Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abbreviations | Questions from the Survey | Data Type (Unit) |
---|---|---|
Personal Characteristics | ||
Age | Age of the students | Continuous (year) |
Gender | Gender of the student | “1—female”,” 2—male” |
Grade | Grade of the student | 1—9th grade; 2—10th grade; 3—11th grade; 4—12th grade |
Hispanic | Race of the students (Hispanic or Latino) | 0—No, 1—Yes |
Latent Variable (Physical Activity) | ||
60MinPA | Students are physically active for a total of at least 60 min yesterday (1—Yes, 2—NO) | 0—No, 1—Yes |
60MinPA2 | Days that students are physically active for total of at least 60 min per day during the past 7 days | Continuous (day) |
20MinPA | Days that students exercise or participate in physical activity for at least 20 min during the past 7 days | Continuous (day) |
Exercise | Days that students do exercises to strengthen or tone your muscles | Continuous (day) |
Latent Variable (Electronic Entertainment) | ||
Computer | Hours on playing video or computer games or using a computer for something on an average school day | Continuous (hour) |
DVD | Hours on watching DVDs or videos on an average school day | Continuous (hour) |
T.V. | Hours on watching T.V. on an average school day | Continuous (hour) |
Latent Variable (Commuting to School) | ||
BikeTo | Days that students walk or ride bike to school in an average week when you are in school | Continuous (day) |
BikeFrom | Days that students walk or ride bike home from school in an average week when you are in school | Continuous (day) |
Latent Variable (Feeling About Physical Activity) | ||
PAenjoy | When I am physically active, I enjoy it. | 1—Strongly disagree; 2—disagree; 3—Neither Agree nor disagree; 4—agree; 5—Strongly agree |
PAfun | When I am physically active, I find it fun. | |
PAenergy | When I am physically active, It gives me energy. | |
PAgood | When I am physically active, My body feels good. | |
PAsuccess | When I am physically active, it gives me a strong feeling of success. | |
Latent Variable (Facilities for Physical Activity in the Neighborhood) | ||
Sportquip | There are enough pieces of sports equipment to use for physical activity at home (1—Yes, 2—NO) | 0—No, 1—Yes |
Park | There are playgrounds, parks, or gyms close to my home that are easy for me to get to (1—Yes, 2—NO) | |
Safe | It is safe to be physically active by myself in my neighborhood (1—Yes, 2—NO) | |
Latent Variable (Support from Family on Physical Activity) | ||
Encourage | Frequency that an adult in your household, encourage you to do physical activities or play sport during a typical week | 1—Never; 2—1 or 2 times week; 3—2 or 3 times a week; 4—3 or 4 times a week; 5—daily |
Playwith | Frequency that an adult in your household, do activity or play sports with you during a typical week | |
Transport | Frequency that an adult in your household, provide transportation to a place where you can do physical activity during a typical week | |
Watch | Frequency that an adult in your household, watch you participate in physical activities or sport during a typical week | |
Latent Variable (Healthy Diet) | ||
Breakfast | Days that students eat breakfast in past 7 days | Continuous (day) |
Lunch | Days that students eat lunch in past 7 days | Continuous (day) |
5+fruit | Ate 5+ fruits/vegetables/day 7 days (1—Yes, 2—NO) | 0—NO, 1—Yes |
3+fruit | Ate 3+ vegetables/day 7 days (1—Yes, 2—NO) | 0—NO, 1—Yes |
Latent variable (Food Intake) | ||
Fries | Frequency that students eat french fries or other fried potatoes in past 7 days | Continuous (time) |
Pizza | Frequency that students eat pizza in past 7 days | Continuous (time) |
Soda | Frequency that students drink a can, bottle, or glass of soda in past 7 days | Continuous (time) |
Coffee | Frequency that students drink a cup, can or bottle of coffee, coffee drinks, or any kind of tea in past 7 days | Continuous (time) |
Milk | The glasses of milk students drink in past 7 days | Continuous (glass) |
Abbreviations | Category | Underweight (BMI ≤ 18) | Regular Weight (18 < BMI < 28) | Overweight (BMI < 28) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total number | 640 (8%) | 6035 (72%) | 1664 (20%) | |
Personal characteristics | ||||
Age | 15.71 (1.23) *** | 16.11 (1.21) | 16.35 (1.20) *** | |
Gender | Male | 308 (48%) | 3019 (50%) | 826 (50%) |
Female | 332 (52%) | 3016 (50%) | 838 (48%) | |
Grade | 2.15 (1.13) | 2.46 (1.11) | 2.62 (1.11) | |
Hispanic | Hispanic | 191 (29%) | 1787 (30%) | 537 (32%) |
Other | 449 (71%) | 4246 (70%) | 1127 (68%) | |
Physical activity | ||||
60 Min PA | Yes | 375 (59%) | 3751 (62%) | 980 (58%) |
NO | 265 (41%) | 2284 (38%) | 684 (42%) | |
60 Min PA2 | 2.75 (1.87) *** | 4.25 (1.85) | 3.89 (1.79) *** | |
20 Min PA | 3.36 (2.27) *** | 4.89 (2.23) *** | 4.51 (2.11) *** | |
Exercise | 2.57 (2.24) *** | 3.85 (2.30) *** | 3.46 (2.23) *** | |
Electronic entertainment | ||||
Computer | 3.58 (1.69) *** | 3.32 (1.66) | 3.42 (1.73) | |
DVD | 3.10 (1.83) | 3.21 (1.85) | 3.41 (1.84) *** | |
TV | 3.70 (1.64) | 3.70 (1.75) | 3.97 (1.74) *** | |
Feeling about physical activity | ||||
PAenjoy | 4.17 (0.87) | 4.26 (0.89) | 4.11 (0.89) *** | |
PAfun | 4.08 (0.88) | 4.15 (0.94) | 4.01 (0.92) *** | |
PAenergy | 3.9 (1.07) *** | 4.10 (1.05) | 4.00 (1.03) *** | |
PAgood | 4.02 (1.03) *** | 4.17 (1.03) | 4.01 (1.05) *** | |
PAsuccess | 4.05 (1.04) *** | 4.20 (1.02) | 4.13 (1.00) *** | |
Facilities for Physical Activity in the Neighborhood | ||||
Sportquip | 3.85 (1.23) | 3.84 (1.26) | 3.57 (1.34) *** | |
Park | 3.74 (1.32) | 3.80 (1.35) | 3.60 (1.38) *** | |
Safe | 3.87 (1.15) | 3.95 (1.17) | 3.75 (1.21) *** | |
Support from family | ||||
Encourage | 2.67 (1.48) | 2.80 (1.54) | 2.77 (1.48) | |
Playwith | 1.80 (1.10) | 1.88 (1.17) | 1.86 (1.20) | |
Transport | 2.56 (1.55) *** | 2.81 (1.61) | 2.50 (1.55) *** | |
Watch | 2.23 (1.39) *** | 2.42 (1.49) | 2.224 (1.43) *** | |
Healthy Diet | ||||
Breakfast | 5.49 (2.57) | 5.31 (2.58) | 4.77 (2.61) *** | |
Lunch | 6.92 (1.83) | 6.78 (1.94) | 6.32 (2.11) *** | |
5+fruit | Yes | 173 (27%) | 1642 (27%) | 480 (29%) |
NO | 467 (73%) | 4391 (73%) | 1184 (71%) | |
3+fruit | Yes | 108 (17%) | 1068 (18%) | 324 (19%) |
NO | 532 (83%) | 4965 (82%) | 1340 (81%) | |
Food Intake | ||||
Fries | 2.33 (1.20) | 2.27 (1.17) | 2.17 (1.08) *** | |
Pizza | 2.08 (1.05) | 2.03 (1.06) | 1.97 (1.06) | |
Soda | 2.91 (1.68) | 2.71 (1.68) | 2.73 (1.69) *** | |
Coffee | 2.04 (1.38) | 2.05 (1.40) | 2.08 (1.42) | |
Milk | 3.17 (1.73) | 3.14 (1.75) | 3.09 (1.73) | |
Active commuting | ||||
BikeTo | 1.81 (1.73) | 1.72 (1.78) | 1.81 (1.81) | |
BikeFrom | 2.03 (1.87) | 1.94 (1.78) | 2.03 (1.87) |
Direct Association | Indirect Association | Total Association | |
---|---|---|---|
Neighborhood | −1.22 *** | −0.017 *** | −1.24 *** |
Food Intake | −0.93 *** | / | −0.93 *** |
Diet | 0.097 | −0.047 * | 0.11 |
Support from family | 0.351 *** | −0.07 * | 0.281 *** |
Feeling | 0.097 | −0.047 * | 0.051 |
Active commuting | 0.026 | / | 0.026 |
Entertainment | 0.875 *** | 0.001 *** | 0.876 *** |
Model good-fitness | |||
Comparative Fit Index | 0.884 | ||
p-value for Chi-squre | 0.000 | ||
p-value for root mean squre error (RMSE) ≤ 0.05 | 1.000 |
Direct Association | Indirect Association | Total Association | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | / | / | 0.589 *** |
Gender | / | / | −0.095 |
Grade | / | / | −0.344 |
Hispanic | / | / | −0.61 * |
Physical activity | −0.462 | / | −0.462 |
Neighborhood | −0.842 *** | −0.018 | −0.895 *** |
Food intake | −0.019 | / | −0.019 |
Diet | −1.443 * | −0.032 | −1.522 ** |
Social support | 0.189 | −0.038 | 0.151 |
Feeling | −0.358 * | −0.032 | −0.39 * |
Active commuting | −0.023 | / | −0.023 |
Entertainment | 0.733 *** | 0.008 | 0.741 *** |
Model good-fitness | |||
Comparative Fit Index | 0.885 | ||
p-value for Chi-square | 0.000 | ||
p-value for root mean square error (RMSE) ≤ 0.05 | 1.000 |
Direct Association | Indirect Association | Total Association | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | / | / | 0.051 |
Gender | / | / | 0.068 |
Grade | / | / | −0.092 |
Hispanic | / | / | −0.146 * |
Physical activity | −0.256 | / | −0.256 |
Neighborhood | −0.047 | 0.006 | −0.041 |
Food intake | 0.087 | / | / |
Diet | −0.077 | −0.003 | −0.08 |
Social support | −0.001 | −0.027 | −0.029 |
Feeling | 0.107 | −0.029 | 0.077 |
Active commuting | 0.011 | / | 0.011 |
Entertainment | 0.138 | 0.011 | 0.149 |
Model good-fitness | |||
Comparative Fit Index | 0.878 | ||
p-value for Chi-square | 0.000 | ||
p-value for root mean square error (RMSE) ≤ 0.05 | 0.787 |
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Wei, Y.D.; Xiao, W.; Garcia, I. Neighborhood Environment, Active Commute, and Healthy BMI in Adolescents. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8286. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158286
Wei YD, Xiao W, Garcia I. Neighborhood Environment, Active Commute, and Healthy BMI in Adolescents. Sustainability. 2021; 13(15):8286. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158286
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Yehua Dennis, Weiye Xiao, and Ivis Garcia. 2021. "Neighborhood Environment, Active Commute, and Healthy BMI in Adolescents" Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8286. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158286
APA StyleWei, Y. D., Xiao, W., & Garcia, I. (2021). Neighborhood Environment, Active Commute, and Healthy BMI in Adolescents. Sustainability, 13(15), 8286. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158286