A Framework for Urban Flood Resilience Assessment with Emphasis on Social, Economic and Institutional Dimensions: A Qualitative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Participants
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Rigor and Credibility of Data
3. Results
3.1. The First Theme: Social
3.2. The Second Theme: Economic
3.3. The Third Theme: Institutional
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographics | Categories | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 6 |
Male | 15 | |
Age | 30–40 | 4 |
40–50 | 12 | |
≥51 | 5 | |
Years of Professional Experience | <10 | 15 |
10–20 | 6 | |
Education Level | Master’s degree | 10 |
Doctorate degree | 11 |
Category | Sub-Category | Code |
---|---|---|
Culture and Education | Producing and performing educational-cum-cultural programs for citizens | Compiling and publishing books |
Preparing and publishing educational brochures | ||
Producing and publishing short educational notes | ||
Establishing counseling centers | ||
Compiling and providing educational content for virtual spaces | ||
Running educational workshops | ||
Informing citizens | Informing the citizens of disasters and furniture insurance and unemployment insurance | |
Existence of valid communication channels between citizens and officials | ||
Citizens’ awareness of correct behavior at time of disaster | ||
Installing warning and informing signs in risky spots | ||
Holding cultural festivals related to floods such as photography and painting in cultural spaces and centers of the prone places | ||
Informing citizens of vulnerable spots and areas | ||
Capacity of social relations networks | Attention to local citizens’ culture and beliefs in decision-making processes related to floods | |
Prioritizing social networks to promote citizens’ awareness of flood terms | ||
Using locals’ experiences | ||
Using local public places (mosques/culture houses/religious places) for informing purposes | ||
Appropriacy of educational programs | Appropriacy of educational and skill programs with different ages, ethnicities, educational, social class, job, and religious groups | |
Time suitability of educational programs | ||
Participation | Citizens’ responsibility before and after a flood | Cooperation with supportive organizations such as fire-fighting and Red Crescent |
Calling for and organizing local forces | ||
Educating and training forces | ||
Supporting, helping, and moving damaged people to safe places | ||
Citizens’ and people-based institutions’ participation with organizations | Participation in planning | |
Activating civil institutions | ||
Using community capacities such as religious places for planning and performing operations | ||
Citizens’ brainstorming in organizational measures | ||
Making use of benevolent persons and charity institutions | ||
Participation of women and youths | ||
Providing needed facilities and equipment | ||
Investment for promoting well-being level | ||
Trust | Citizens’ trust in supportive institutions | Insurance organizations |
Government support programs | ||
Banks and financial institutions to compensate for damages | ||
Citizens’ trust in officials’ programs and policies | Trust in related organizations such as crisis management, police, Red Crescent, etc. | |
Formal statistics and reports | ||
Public organizations | ||
Organizational programs and actions | ||
Media regarding reflection of city environmental risks | ||
Extant capacity and amenities | ||
Expertise and knowledge | ||
Attitude | Attitudes and beliefs of citizens toward factors and consequences | Attitude towards and belief in the probability of flood |
Lack of fatalism | ||
General understanding of the sensitivity of situations | ||
Learning from experience | ||
Tendency to leave vulnerable and prone areas | ||
Sensitivity to measures that lead to risks | ||
Local understanding of danger | ||
Following rules and instructions, for example about construction standards, to head off crises | ||
Prevailing moral and cultural values | ||
Citizens’ satisfaction | Programs and services pertinent to identification of vulnerable groups | |
Programs and services related to local evacuation | ||
Facilities and equipment | ||
Officials’ behavior | ||
Informing the public in a timely and correct manner | ||
Timely measures by officials | ||
Supportive aid | ||
Attention to the needs of the people | ||
Local council assistants | ||
City councils | ||
Solidarity | Place attachment | Place identity |
Place vitality | ||
Place dependence | ||
Place commitment and loyalty | ||
Social attachment | ||
Readiness and communication actions of districts and citizens | Keeping citizenship relations before during and after disaster | |
Responding to aid needs and fast evacuation of citizens at time of flood | ||
Citizens’ readiness for fast evacuation | ||
Maintaining and strengthening public morale | ||
Ethnic and cultural prejudices | ||
Public trust | ||
Quality of kinship and family interactions | ||
Intergenerational ties | ||
Face-to-face interactions | ||
Resources | Health and hygine resources | Food resources |
Drug resources | ||
Medical facilities | ||
Hygienic infrastructures such as hospitals and clinics | ||
Hygiene-related resources such as physicians and nurses | ||
Physical and mental health of citizens | ||
Rehabilitation services | ||
Social resources | Native population | |
Development of civil organizations | ||
Less vulnerable populations such as elderly people, children, infants, and disabled ones | ||
Lack of ethnic and racial minorities | ||
Low immigrant population | ||
Low cases of divorce | ||
Education | ||
Few legal cases | ||
The population belonging to the middle and upper classes | ||
Population having access to housing | ||
Equal access to public transportation | ||
Access to law consultants | ||
Children and elderly care centers | ||
Suitable educational facilities | ||
Suitable resources to move disabled people | ||
Active population (15–64) | ||
Women employment | ||
The power of fast voluntary reactions | ||
Citizens covered by social security and medical services and health insurances | ||
Diversity of knowledge and expertise of citizens | ||
Balanced population distribution | ||
Cultural diversity | ||
Religious ties | ||
Social ties between tribes and relatives | ||
Peace and security in society | ||
Educational justice | ||
Mental resources | Citizens’ psychological calmness during and after the disaster | |
Encouraging a passion for life in the affected areas by officials drawing on their previous experiences | ||
Psychological counseling centers | ||
Mental health services | ||
Communication resources | Citizens’ communication skills (fast communication and expansion of relations) | |
Presence and diversity of local media | ||
Presence and diversity of online/virtual media | ||
Language proficiency | ||
Sociability | ||
Institutional resources | Skilled and specialized population | |
Continuous compensation for damages based on rebuilding progress | ||
Motivators by municipality and city council volition for owners in line with compatibility measures | ||
Budget dedication to educate citizens | ||
Population working in emergency services | ||
Covered population in risk mitigation programs | ||
Area safety | Citizens’ access to safe spots | |
Population dwelling in safe zones |
Category | Sub-Category | Code |
---|---|---|
Empowerment | Citizens’financial capabilities | Income level |
Financial resources status | ||
Properties status | ||
Goods and services price | ||
Area economic balance | ||
Low Gini coefficient | ||
Low poverty rate | ||
Active economy | Active stores and shopping centers | |
Diversity of jobs and livelihood methods | ||
Development of employment opportunities in cities (big and small industries/production and service-giving corporations) | ||
Business opportunities | ||
Continuous promotion of production capacities | ||
Internal investment | ||
Employment of local forces | ||
Link to the regional economy | ||
Economic cooperation with other countries | ||
Private and public sector participation in local businesses | ||
Financial stability and flexibility | ||
Economic self-sufficiency | ||
Distribution of employment opportunities and industries in different regions | ||
Internal gross production | ||
Development of economic structures (shopping centers/rules/economic ties) | ||
Sustainable employment | ||
Sustainable employment of municipalities | ||
Employed population | ||
Expansion of non-urban production conditions (active agriculture/fertile lands) | ||
Production, supply, and consumption chains | ||
Exploiting tourism capacities | ||
Appropriate tax incomes | ||
Appropriate economic networks | ||
Flexibility | Ability to return to employment and income conditions | Reopening of jobs |
Power of reopening educational centers | ||
Power of reopening buying and selling centers | ||
Compensation for vulnerable businesses | ||
Re-booming of markets | ||
Prevention from work force reduction | ||
Flexibility of local businesses and economies | ||
Financial aid/credit supports | Proportion of organizations’ budget to their duties | |
Attention/economiclivelihood aids to vulnerable people | ||
Bestowing low-interest loans | ||
Financial supply for developing urban infrastructures | ||
Subsidies and non-cash supports | ||
Insurance performance | Insurance organizations’ supports | |
Unemployment insurance performance | ||
Insurance of land use | ||
Credits | Supplying necessary facilities for responsible organizations | Accountability of relevant officials |
Crisis management budget share | ||
Bank facilities’ conditions | ||
Specific budget for research | Holding seminars and conventions | |
Research and development |
Category | Sub-Category | Code |
---|---|---|
Regulation | Continuous review of urban rules | Continuous survey of rules’ strengths and weaknesses |
Adaptation of rules with upstream documents | ||
Adaptation of rules with time conditions, social, place, and environmental needs | ||
Controlling (programs and plans) illegal development | ||
Using measures of punishment and protection | ||
Supervising the responsibilities and measures by regulatory institutions | Supervising the rebuilding process of damaged regions | |
Suitable supervisory structure to assess measures | ||
Assigning responsibility IDs for officials of crisis management | ||
Feasibility of approved programs about management and exposure | ||
Supervision and assessment of pollution clearing after flood | ||
Obligation to enforce disaster insurance | ||
Intercommunication | Cooperation of relevant organizations in planning and research | Participation of scientific parks and academic centers |
Holding specialized sittings (experience exchange) with international experts and academic professors | ||
Attention to participatory planning | ||
Maintaining reliability and continuity of services provided by organizations | Interorganizational coordination | |
Coordination of rules in different units and sections | ||
Joint organizational interactions | ||
Technical and organic work distribution among organizations | ||
Continuity of organizational programs | ||
Cooperation of officials and executives with public groups and local businesses | Cooperation of executors and officials with elites and public groups | |
Taking adaptive policies for local businesses and economy | ||
Participation of local institutions and government to supply insurance financial portion | ||
Collaboration to facilitate law enforcement | Cooperation of organizations to facilitate rules | |
Inter-institutional cooperation to prevent occurrence | ||
Rules | Capacity | Transparency |
Comprehensiveness | ||
Inclusive | ||
Balance | ||
Power | Efficiency | |
Executive guarantee | ||
Specialization | Management and executive ability | Specialized local decision makers and policy makers |
Specialized managers and executors and personnel at macro-level | ||
Awareness of management strategies and urban watershed management | ||
Leadership power | ||
Awareness and belief of managers and decision makers | Job skills of managers and responsibleauthorities | |
formation of crisis management committee with experienced and academic members | ||
Belief in management and exposure strategies such as watershed science | ||
Education and organizational culture | Educational-cum-cultural programs | Holding disciplined preparation maneuvers in the organizations |
Compiling educational content of standards | ||
Running educational programs for citizens | ||
Compiling and running educational programs about mental-social strategies | ||
Holding educational workshops | ||
Holding joint meetings to share new scientific findings | ||
Individual, collective, and organizational learning capacity | ||
Promotion of informing culture, and sharing information | Tendency of related organizations to educate and inform citizens | |
Tendency to innovation in institutions | ||
Culture of information sharing in society | ||
Culture of organizational informing | ||
Presence of a specific system/institution to manage public thoughts and deal with psychological operations | ||
Unity of procedure in informing | ||
Culture of cooperation | ||
Research | Supporting framework | Research need assessment |
Compiling a comprehensive program to follow research results until obtaining results | ||
Pinpointing research program frameworks | ||
Sharing knowledge and information between scientific and organizational centers | Data, statistics, and data base | |
Geographic information system | ||
Strengthening academic and scientific centers | ||
Providing basic information and facilitating requests from scientific centers | ||
Experiencing | Recording the history of flood events | |
Using the experience of successful countries in dealing with floods | ||
Adapting programs to circumstances | ||
Inviting experienced managers and activists to draw on their experience |
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Ghasemzadeh, B.; Zarabadi, Z.S.S.; Majedi, H.; Behzadfar, M.; Sharifi, A. A Framework for Urban Flood Resilience Assessment with Emphasis on Social, Economic and Institutional Dimensions: A Qualitative Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147852
Ghasemzadeh B, Zarabadi ZSS, Majedi H, Behzadfar M, Sharifi A. A Framework for Urban Flood Resilience Assessment with Emphasis on Social, Economic and Institutional Dimensions: A Qualitative Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13(14):7852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147852
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhasemzadeh, Behnam, Zahra Sadat Saeideh Zarabadi, Hamid Majedi, Mostafa Behzadfar, and Ayyoob Sharifi. 2021. "A Framework for Urban Flood Resilience Assessment with Emphasis on Social, Economic and Institutional Dimensions: A Qualitative Study" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147852