A Monitoring and Evaluation Sustainability Framework for Road Freight Transporters in South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature
2.1. Freight Transport and Road Freight Transport Systems (RFTS)
2.2. Monitoring & Evaluation
3. Materials and Methods
How can an M&E framework be developed to measure a road freight transport system’s sustainability in South Africa?
4. Development of the M&E Framework
“A sustainable transport system is one that is accessible spatially allowing mobility needs to be met safely and affordably with social cost considerations (private cost and cost of externalities). The system operates efficiently with infrastructure that is an asset to communities, offering a modal choice that is competitive and boosts socio-economic development; ensuring future generations are not compromised to cater to the needs of current societies. Sustainable transport limits the emission of air pollution, noise pollution, and GHG’s. It minimizes the use of land, consumption of non-renewable and renewable resources as well as material resources needed to support the transport system. It minimizes waste, reuses, and recycles its components. It decreases its impact on environments, protecting ecosystems, and the global climate. Sustainable transport systems support the economic, social, and environmental pillars and are designed to involve stakeholders”.
“Government will provide for a transport system that will facilitate the movement of goods and people; enable equitable access to personal economic opportunities and social services; support economic and environmental sustainability and inclusive growth, and advance national, regional and global competitiveness of the country.”
Framework Structure
5. Framework Review
6. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Validation Questions
Participant name: __________________________________________________ Email address:__________________________________________________ Occupation: __________________________________________________ Background: __________________________________________________ |
Participant’s Response | |||||||||||
(1) How important are the themes for each sustainability dimension? Rank the 10 themes by marking with an X the importance of each sustainability theme, (1)—Representing most important and (10)—least important. | |||||||||||
Themes | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
Social dimension | Safety | ||||||||||
Stakeholders | |||||||||||
Social Cost Considerations | |||||||||||
Social economic | |||||||||||
Economic dimension | Cost Considerations | ||||||||||
Operational efficiency | |||||||||||
Modal Choice & Competitiveness | |||||||||||
Ecological dimensions | Emissions | ||||||||||
Resource Consumption | |||||||||||
Preservation of the future |
Participant’s Response | ||||||
Mark with an X the on the statement you most agree with | ||||||
Structure and Process | Strongly agree | Agree | Neutral | Disagree | Strongly disagree | Comments |
The framework is easy to understand? | ||||||
The framework is easy to work through? | ||||||
Is there a logical flow between the horizontal headings of the framework (strategic objectives, inputs, outputs and measures)? | ||||||
Appropriateness | The framework guides sustainability in RFTS? | |||||
The different themes of the sustainability dimensions contribute to achieving holistic sustainability? | ||||||
Are the inputs implementable by South African transporters? | |||
Social dimension Inputs | Economic dimension Inputs | Ecological dimension Inputs | |
Reasonable driving hours. Monitoring and effecting consequences to traffic offences [2]. RTMS certification [3]. Roadworthy vehicles. Regular maintenance on vehicles. Vehicle safety technology (e.g., remote speed sensing, collision damage mitigation braking system (CDMBS) and tracking devices). Night lights on vehicles [4]. Safe loading and off-loading practices [5]. Consultation meetings with stakeholders (e.g., freight owner, agents, consumer, and government). Collaborative tools where stakeholders can contribute their inputs. Carbon Tax [14]. Social and environmentally friendly RFTS initiatives. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) [15]. | Human and physical capital. Business growth/expansion. Financial, human and physical capital. Strengthen customer relationships. Offer competitive pricing. Eco driving [19]. Loading facilities (loading and unloading equipment and space). Efficient loading and unloading plan/schedule. Route planning Seek freight to transport for trips that usually return empty. Alternatively sign up to Applications [20] where one can bid to transport freight. Fair and competitive pricing for the movement of freight. Maintenance of physical assets. Reinvestment into the business. | Pollution control technology. Cleaner fuels [24]. Company goals and targets strategically aimed at contributing to reducing emissions in the RFT sector. Recycle waste material [25]. Reuse and refurbish materials. Company policy and initiatives geared at sustainability. | |
Mark with an X your answer below. | Comment if answered NO: | ||
YES | NO | ||
The framework aligns with the South African government’s transport sustainability goals? | |||||
“Provide safe, reliable, effective, efficient, and fully integrated transport operations and infrastructure, which will best meet the needs of freight and passenger customers at improving levels of service and cost in a fashion which supports government strategies for economic and social development whilst being environmentally and economically sustainable”.—DOT (2007;1996) | |||||
Strongly agree | Agree | Neutral | Disagree | Strongly disagree | Comments |
The framework aligns with this study’s transport sustainability definition? | |||||
A sustainable transport system is one that is accessible spatially allowing mobility needs to be met safely and affordably with social cost considerations (private cost and cost of externalities). The system operates efficiently with infrastructure that is an asset to communities, offering modal choice that is competitive and boosts socio-economic development, ensuring future generations are not compromised to cater for the needs of current societies. Sustainable transport limits the emission of air pollution, noise pollution and GHGs. It reduces the use of land, consumption of non-renewable, and renewable resources as well as material resources needed to support the transport system. It minimizes waste, reuses, and recycles its components. It decreases its impact on environments, protecting ecosystems, and the global climate. Sustainable transport systems support the economic, social and environmental pillars and are designed to involve stakeholders. (Definition developed by the author for the purpose of the study) | |||||
Strongly agree | Agree | Neutral | Disagree | Strongly disagree | Comments |
Are the strategic goals realistic/attainable for the South African environment? | |||
Social dimension Goals | Economic dimension Goals | Ecological dimension Goals | |
Provide and maintain safe systems of work for the driver and vehicle through effective safety management practices. Decrease the number of annual fatalities and injuries recorded as relating to your RFTS [1]. Stakeholders are considered with regard to RFTS decisions that affect them directly. There is clarity of responsibilities among stakeholders. Companies take responsibility for their full social cost [11] by mitigating the passing on of RFT [12] externalities costs [13] to society. | Transport being a catalyst of socio-economic growth and development that benefits societies. Generate profits from operations. Continuous productivity and growth. To generate income or outputs or returns equivalent or greater, for the same, or lower operating costs. Decrease the time and money lost due to congestion. Improved delivery process. Offer modal choice that is competitive and boosts social-economic development. | Decrease the business’s RFTS emissions by 40-50% by 2050. The national target is a total of 5% for the transport sector. Minimizing waste and consumption of natural resources, promote their use in an ecological and sustainable manner. Implement company policy that supports sustainability initiatives and protecting the environment for the benefit of present and future generations. | |
Mark with an X your answer below. | Comment if answered NO: | ||
YES | NO | ||
Does the framework assist South African transporters to adapt their RFTS towards more holistic sustainability? | ||
Mark with an X your answer below. | Comment if answered NO: | |
YES | NO | |
Are there measures you use or know of in industry, relevant to the framework, that are not currently added that you would like to see added in the framework? | ||
Mark with an X your answer below. | Comment with the measure if answered YES: | |
YES | NO | |
Do you have any inputs/suggestions for the improvement of the framework? | ||
Mark with an X your answer below. | Comment if answered YES: | |
YES | NO | |
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Abbreviation {n} | Explanation |
---|---|
{1} RFTS: | Road freight transport systems. |
{2} Effecting consequences to traffic offences: | Driver tally, warnings, disciplinary action. |
{3} RTMS certification: | The Road Transport Management System is an industry-led, government-supported, voluntary, self-regulation scheme that encourages consignees, consignors, and road transport operators to implement a management system (a set of standards) that demonstrates compliance with the Road Traffic Regulations and contributes to preserving road infrastructure, improving road safety and increasing productivity. |
{4} SQAS: | Accreditation for Safety Quality Assessment for Sustainability. |
{5} PBS: | Performance Based Standards. |
{6} Night lights on vehicle body: | Small additional lights on the body of a truck to make the truck more visible at night or during bad weather conditions. |
{7} Safe loading and off-loading practices: | For example, ensure the vehicle is stopped, braked, and stabilized, loading areas are well lit and free from hazards, always have trained personnel to use the loading and off-loading equipment. |
{8} Road incidences: | Loss of control of the vehicle causing an accident/crash or damage to goods, collisions with people or objects, including fatalities, injuries, or damage. |
{9} Driver behavior: | This refers to a driving style, how one brakes, accelerates, and behaves on the road. |
{10} Driver offenses: | Violations caused by the driver, such as speeding, ignoring signage, not wearing a seat belt, or driving under the influence of alcohol. |
{11} Violations: | E.g. an unlicensed vehicle. |
{12} Loading incidences: | Accidents, injuries, or fatalities caused by unsafe loading practices e.g., overloading. |
{13} Social cost: | Total cost to society; it includes private costs and external costs. |
{14} RFT: | Road freight transport. |
{15} Externality costs: | Activities that incur a cost or negatively affect other parties and are not financially incurred by the producer. |
{16} Carbon tax: | A fee levied on fossil fuels with the intention to reduce emissions. |
{17} Corporate social responsibility (CSR): | A business practice that integrates social accountability. |
{18} Profit margin: | The degree to which a company makes money, calculated by dividing income by revenues. |
{19} Eco-driving: | A driving style that minimizes fuel consumption and emissions. |
{20} Applications: | Downloadable software applications. |
{21} Loading rate: | Speed or time it takes to move cargo in or out of a truck or container. |
{22} Empty leg km: | The distance traveled with no cargo being transported. |
{23} Freight turnover rate: | The quantity of cargo multiplied by the distance transported. |
{24} Cleaner fuels: | Fuels that exert lesser greenhouse gas emissions (biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG)). |
{25} Recycle waste material: | To reuse or repurpose waste materials, e.g., tires and parts. |
Themes | Strategic Objective/Goal | Input | Output | Indicators | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social | Safety | Provide and maintain safe systems of work for the driver and vehicle through effective safety management practices. Decrease the number of annual fatalities and injuries recorded as relating to one’s RFTS {1}. | Reasonable driving hours. Monitoring and effecting consequences of traffic offenses {2}. Driver training and periodic retraining. RTMS certification {3}. SQAS accreditation {4}. Roadworthy vehicles. Regular maintenance on vehicles. Vehicle safety technology (e.g., remote speed sensing, collision damage mitigation braking system (CDMBS) and tracking devices). PBS for the design and improved safety of vehicles {5}. Night lights on vehicles {6}. Safe loading and off-loading practices {7}. | Non-fatigued drivers. Reduction in the number of road incidences {8}. Improved driver behavior {9}. A road management system that promotes safety and efficiency. A decrease in vehicle breakdowns. Safer road environment. | No. of crashes/accidents and injuries caused by one’s RFTS annually. No. of driver offenses {10} reported annually. No. of road violations {11} registered annually. No. of vehicle technology interventions. No. of loading incidences {12}. |
Stakeholders | Stakeholders are considered concerning RFTS decisions that affect them directly. There is clarity of responsibilities among stakeholders. | Consultation meetings with stakeholders (e.g., freight owner, agents, consumer, and government). Collaborative tools where stakeholders can contribute their inputs. | RFTS designed to incorporate stakeholders. | No. of meetings held with stakeholders. | |
Cost Considerations | Companies take responsibility for their full social cost {13} by mitigating the passing on of RFT {14} externalities costs {15} to society. | Carbon Tax {16}. Social and environmentally friendly RFTS initiatives. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) {17}. | Companies and end consumers bearing the cost of air pollution, congestion, and crashes caused due to operations. | Amount of carbon tax paid. No. of social or environmental initiatives. Impact of CSR. |
Themes | Strategic Objective/Goal | Input | Output | Indicators | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic | Socio-economic | Transport being a catalyst of socio-economic growth and development that benefits societies | Human and physical capital Business growth/expansion. | Increased trade Access to goods Employment opportunities | Market share growth One’s RFTS’s contribution to GDP No. of employees |
Cost Considerations | Generate profits from operations Continuous productivity and growth | Financial, human, and physical capital Strengthen customer relationships Offer competitive pricing | Income is greater than expenses Increase in productivity Positive Return on Investment (ROI) Expanded market share | Profit margin {18}. Output per unit of input ROI = Investment gain/Investment cost Increase in customer portfolio. | |
Operational Efficiency | To generate income or outputs or returns equivalent or greater, for the same, or lower operating costs Decrease the time and money lost due to congestion. Improved delivery process. | Eco-driving {19}. Loading facilities (loading and unloading equipment and space). Efficient loading and unloading plan/schedule Route planning Seek freight to transport for trips that usually return empty Alternatively sign up to Apps {20} where one can bid to transport freight. | Decreased fuel consumption. Increased loading rate {21}. Less GHG emissions Reduced empty leg kms {22}, (which in turn decreases costs and increases efficiency). | Freight km traveled/Fuel expense The number of vehicles with efficiency technology The number of vehicles using cleaner energy No. people needed to off load or load a container or truck. The time it takes to load or off-load containers No. of containers that can be loaded or off-loaded in a day. Freight turnover rate (Tons x km) {23}. No. of annual empty kms traveled. | |
Modal Choice & Competitiveness | Offer modal choice that is competitive and boosts socio- economic development | Fair and competitive pricing for the movement of freight. Maintenance of physical assets Reinvestment into the business | Affordable freight transportation prices. Physical assets that are in good condition Capacity to meet demand. |
Themes | Strategic Objective/Goal | Input | Output | Indicators | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental | Emissions | Decrease the business’s RFTS emissions by 40–50% by 2050. The national target is a total of 5% for the transport sector. | Pollution control technology Cleaner fuels {24}. Company goals and targets strategically aimed at contributing to reducing emissions in the RFT sector. | A decrease in emissions Cleaner emissions | Annual fuel consumption (in liters) No. of vehicles that use cleaner or renewable fuels. |
Resource consumption | Minimizing waste and consumption of natural resources, and promote their use in an ecological and sustainable manner. | Recycle waste material {25}. Reuse and refurbish materials. | Using natural resources at rates equal to or less than the rate of replenishment. | Annual recycled tons. Annual reused or refurbished tons. Freight tonnes/Energy used. Km traveled/Energy used. | |
Preservation for the Future | Implement company policy that supports sustainability initiatives and protecting the environment for the benefit of present and future generations. | Company policy and initiatives geared at sustainability. | Conservation of resources. | Cost % of sustainability initiatives the company has embarked on. |
Participant | Occupation | Background/Training |
---|---|---|
1 | Group SHEQ Manager | 15 years SHEQ Management- Logistics industry |
2 | Transport and Logistics Consultant | More than 50 years in and around the road freight industry and related value chains |
3 | Manager at a transport company | M Com Logistics Management |
4 | Chief Innovation Officer | Engineer |
5 | CEO and CIO | CPA (North America), Fellow of ACCA, CAIB (SA), Former CFO of Super Group Coal. |
6 | Principal Research Engineer | Mechanical Engineering |
7 | Financial Manager at a transport company | Finance |
8 | Researcher | Data modeler |
9 | Principal researcher: smart mobility | Operations research, information systems, industrial systems |
Structure & Flow | |||
---|---|---|---|
Question | Is the framework easy to understand? | ||
Likert Scale | Yes | Neutral | No |
Response | 7 | 1 | 1 |
Question | Is there a logical flow between the horizontal headings of the framework? | ||
Likert Scale | Yes | Neutral | No |
Response | 8 | 1 | 0 |
Question | Is the framework easy to work through? | ||
Likert Scale | Yes | Neutral | No |
Response | 7 | 2 | 0 |
Appropriateness | |||
---|---|---|---|
Question | Does the framework guide sustainability in RFTS? | ||
Likert Scale | Yes | Neutral | No |
Response | 5 | 4 | 0 |
Question | Does the framework assist South African transporters to adapt their RFTS towards more holistic sustainability? | ||
Likert Scale | Yes | Neutral | No |
Response | 8 | 0 | 1 |
Question | Do the different themes of the sustainability dimensions contribute to achieving holistic sustainability? | ||
Likert Scale | Yes | Neutral | No |
Response | 6 | 3 | 0 |
Alignment | |||
---|---|---|---|
Question | Are results for if the M&E framework aligned with the operational definition? | ||
Likert Scale | Yes | Neutral | No |
Response | 7 | 2 | 0 |
Question | Are results for if the M&E framework aligned with the government’s vision? | ||
Likert Scale | Yes | Neutral | No |
Response | 5 | 4 | 0 |
Incorporated Feedback | Under operational efficiency, PBS was incorporated for design and improved safety. |
Safety Quality Assessment for Sustainability (SQAS) accreditation as an input under the safety theme. | |
Under the economic dimension, include a profitability theme for evaluation. | |
Driver retraining was suggested as an addition. |
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Share and Cite
Lalendle, C.; Goedhals-Gerber, L.; van Eeden, J. A Monitoring and Evaluation Sustainability Framework for Road Freight Transporters in South Africa. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147558
Lalendle C, Goedhals-Gerber L, van Eeden J. A Monitoring and Evaluation Sustainability Framework for Road Freight Transporters in South Africa. Sustainability. 2021; 13(14):7558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147558
Chicago/Turabian StyleLalendle, Chumasande, Leila Goedhals-Gerber, and Joubert van Eeden. 2021. "A Monitoring and Evaluation Sustainability Framework for Road Freight Transporters in South Africa" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147558