Tourism Competitiveness and Sustainability Indicators in the Context of Surf Tourism: The Case of Cape Town
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
2.1. Sport Tourism
2.2. Surf Tourism
2.3. Tourism Potential, Competitiviness and Sustainability Indicators
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Methodology and Sources
3.3. Surf Tourism Sustainable Indicators
4. Results
4.1. Surf Tourism Sustainability Indicators by Beach
4.2. Surf Tourism Sustainability Indicators by Subdistrict
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Indicators (Ien) | Assessment Criteria | Implications | Hierarchy | Multiplier | Data |
Variety spot | Identify and list the number of surf (wind and/or wave-based) spots located in a beach. | A greater number of spots implies that a greater variety of types of surfing can be practiced, and therefore, the area is more sensitive from an ecological point of view since it can attract more people. | 1 | µ1 = 2.2500 | Quantitative |
Wave and or wind spots | Discriminate between wave and/or wind spots. | Wave spots are more popular than wind spots and used to attract more people. If one beach has both, it is more attractive from an environmental point of view than those ones that only have one type of surfing spot. | 2 | µ2 = 2.0000 | Qualitative |
Wave spots | List the number of wave spots. | Wave-based surfing types are more popular than wind-based types. Thus, the variety of these spots provide more potential to attract more demand to the beach. | 3 | µ3 = 1.5000 | Quantitative |
Type of seabed (sandy or rocky) | Identify the type of seabed. | Sandy seabed is better for beginners and can house more types of surfing than rocky seabed, which is more sensitive. | 4 | µ4 = 1.2500 | Quantitative |
Wind spots | List the number of wind spots. | Wind spots attracts windsurfers as well as kite surfers, although they are less popular sports than wave-based surfing sports. | 5 | µ5 = 0.5000 | Quantitative |
Shark spotters | Indicate whether there are shark spotters in the beach or not. | The existence of shark spotters in a beach indicates that there are sharks and a rich marine wildlife in it. Thus, it is more sensitive than other beaches, although it is safer for surfers due to a better information provided by shark spotters. | 5 | µ5 = 0.5000 | Qualitative |
Water quality | Identify the quality of the water of the beach. | The better the water of the beach is, the more attractive it is to demand. | 5 | µ5 = 0.5000 | Qualitative |
Density white pop | Calculate the potential density of the local white population that could access the beach. | Historically, surfing has been practiced mainly by the ‘white’ population in South Africa. The more potential density, the more sensitive the beach is, and a lower environmental indicator is reached. | 5 | µ5 = 0.5000 | Quantitative * |
Density total pop | Calculate the potential density of the total local population that could access the beach. | Beach-goers in general are also users of the same space as surfers, therefore, a higher density of beach-goers indicates a lower level of sustainability. | 5 | µ5 = 0.5000 | Quantitative * |
Fishing and angling | Identify if there are any of these facilities on the beach. | Fishing and angling activities indicate the existence of a rich marine life, thus, it is potentially attractive to surfers who are keen on fishing activities. | 5 | µ5 = 0.5000 | Qualitative |
Economic Indicators (Ie) | Assessment criteria | Implications | Hierarchy | Multiplier | Data |
Surf companies | Identify and list the number of surf shops, retailers, and surf schools. | Surf companies provide jobs and wealth to the local community and services and information to the tourists. | 1 | µ1 = 2.0000 | Quantitative |
Surf websites | Identify and list the number of online markers for each spot, including wikis and surf-forecast-related websites and webcams. | Surf websites (wikis and surf forecast tools) provide information about weather conditions, infrastructure, accessibility, dangers, existence of localism, level of the spot (for beginners, experts, etc.). | 2 | µ2 = 1.7500 | Quantitative |
Accommodation | Find the number of accommodation units in the adjacent area, including hotels, backpackers, lodges, etc. | Accommodation infrastructure provides the area with the potential to attract surf visitors and represents one of the most important sources of income for the area. It is also an important generator of employment. | 3 | µ3 = 1.5000 | Quantitative |
Distance from airport | Calculate the distance (or time) from the international airport to the beach. | Short distances from the main type of transportation used by both international and national tourists provide the area with potential to attract more visitors. | 4 | µ4 = 1.2500 | Quantitative * |
Distance from accommodation hub (Central Business District, CBD) | Calculate the distance from the main accommodation hub in the destination to the beach. | Short distances from the main accommodation hub for international and national tourists provide the area with potential to attract more visitors. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Quantitative * |
Parking | Indicate the existence or not of parking areas with direct access to the beach. | Surfers and accompanying visitors arriving by car need parking facilities to access the surf spot easily. It is also a place for social gathering. Safe and good parking facility areas have the potential to attract more visitors. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Train stop | Identify if there is any train stop in the area (3 km around). | The existence of train stops adds a better connection to the area from CBD. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Bus stop | Identify if there is any bus stop in the area. | The existence of a bus stop adds a better connection to the area from CBD. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Blue flag | Identify and list the beaches awarded with Blue Flags. | Blue Flags are significant markers that provide the beach with a recognized eco-label of quality that attracts more visitors. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Picnic area | Identify if there are any of these facilities on the beach. | Picnic and braai (barbecue) areas have the potential to attract groups (friends and families) and visitors for a longer time. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Tidal pool | Identify whether there is a tidal pool in the area or not. | Tidal pools have the potential to attract families and surfers’ companions. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Boat launch slipway | Identify if there is a boat launch slipway on the beach. | Boat launch slipways allow surfers to practice big wave surfing since those waves are ridden aided by the power of a jet ski. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Social Indicators (Is) | Assessment Criteria | Implications | Hierarchy | Multiplier | Data |
Total infections | Identify the number of total infections in the area and compare it with the maximum of the subdistricts. | The total number of infections allows one to know how the area has been affected by the pandemic. | 1 | µ1 = 2.0000 | Quantitative * |
Infections within the last 14 days | Identify the number of infections within the last 14 days and compare it with the subdistricts. | The number of infections within the last 14 days allows institutions and individuals to know how the pandemic has developed in the last two weeks and react if the number increases. | 2 | µ2 = 1.7500 | Quantitative * |
Surf clubs | Identify surf clubs that have access and use the area on a regular basis. | Surf clubs have the potential to provide better collaboration and communication amongst surfers about rules and hazards in the area. | 3 | µ3 = 1.5000 | Quantitative |
Lifesavers’ clubs | Identify the lifesavers’ clubs that have access and use the area regularly. | Lifesavers can promote safety and awareness about potential hazards for beach-goers and surfers as well as awareness about the potential environmental damages to the area. | 4 | µ4 = 1.2500 | Qualitative |
Lifeguards | Identify the existence or not of lifeguards on duty on the beach. | Lifeguards provide the area with safety for both surfers and beach-goers, and a better management of the area. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Toilets | Identify whether there are showers and bathrooms in the area. | Showers and toilets are important elements that allow surfers to clean their equipment and allow beach-goers to feel better after a beach day. They also promote hygiene and interaction. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Access for disabled | Identify if there is access for disabled people. | Interaction between practitioners of adapted surfing and regular surfing allows community to enhance relationships. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Police stations(within the same major suburb) | Identify if there is any Police station nearby (3 km around). | Police stations in the area ensure a rapid response in case of emergency. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Hospitals | Identify whether there is a hospital nearby (3 km around) or not. | Hospitals nearby ensure that in case of emergency, the person with problems will have first aid and proper treatment in less time. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Clinics | Identify the number of clinics nearby (3 km around). | Clinics around ensure that in case of emergency, the person with health problems will have rapid first aid. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Quantitative |
Running | Identify if the area is suited for runners. | Areas suitable for running help in socialization. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Pets allowed | Identify if dogs are allowed. | Areas suitable for dogs and pets are spaces of socialization. | 5 | µ5 = 0.4375 | Qualitative |
Beach | Position | Subdistrict (COVID-19) | Ie | Is | Ien | ITotal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Top ITotal | ||||||
Strand | 1 | Eastern | 4.93 | 5.03 | 9.10 * | 6.38 * |
Table View | 2 | Western | 7.33 * | 3.94 | 7.70 | 6.34 |
Big Bay | 3 | Western | 5.40 | 4.37 | 6.66 | 5.49 |
Surfer’s Corner | 4 | Southern | 5.57 | 4.52 | 5.98 | 5.36 |
Milnerton | 5 | Western | 3.43 | 5.32 * | 6.11 | 4.97 |
Fish Hoek | 6 | Southern | 3.55 | 5.14 | 5.97 | 4.90 |
Hout Bay | 7 | Southern | 3.65 | 4.10 | 6.70 | 4.83 |
Muizenberg | 8 | Southern | 4.02 | 3.46 | 6.85 | 4.80 |
Long Beach (Kommetjie) | 9 | Southern | 3.18 | 3.08 | 7.21 | 4.52 |
Melkbosstrand | 10 | Western | 3.60 | 3.13 | 6.65 | 4.48 |
Middle ITotal | ||||||
Mnandi | 13 | Mitchells Plain | 3.60 | 4.74 | 4.55 | 4.30 |
Monwabisi | 23 | Khayelitsha | 2.59 | 4.10 | 4.16 | 3.62 |
Macassar | 34 | Khayelitsha | 2.56 | 2.92 | 4.18 | 3.23 |
Bottom ITotal | ||||||
Beta Beach | 48 | Western | 2.79 | 2.19 | 3.04 | 2.68 |
Klippies Bay | 49 | Eastern | 1.27 | 1.32 | 3.93 | 2.19 |
Indicators | Top 10 | Middle | Bottom | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beaches | Strand | Table View | Big Bay | Surfer’s Corner | Milnerton | Fish Hoek | Hout Bay | Muizenberg | Long Beach(Kommetjie) | Melkbosstrand | Mnandi (13th) | Monwabisi (23rd) | Macassar (34th) | Beta | Klippies Bay | |
Economic indicators (Ie) | Surf companies | 0.18 | 0.91 | 0.45 | 1.00 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Surf websites | 0.70 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.55 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.65 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.15 | |
Accommodation | 0.31 | 1.00 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.00 | |
Distance from airport * | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.11 | |
Distance from CBD * | 0.35 | 0.74 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.86 | 0.53 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.89 | 0.00 | |
Parking | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Train stops | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Bus stop | 0.29 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | |
Blue flag | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Picnic area | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
Tidal pool | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Boat launch slipway | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Social indicators (Is) | Last 14 days infections (from 2 June to 3 July) * | 0.19 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.19 |
Total Infections (5 July) * | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.34 | 0.29 | |
Surfclubs | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Livesavers clubs | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Lifeguards | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Toilets | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Access for people with disabilities | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Police stations | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | |
Hospitals | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Clinics | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Running | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Pets allowed | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Environmental indicators (Ien) | Variety spot | 1.00 | 0.71 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
Wave and or wind spots | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |
Wavespots | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.17 | |
Type of seabed (sandy or rocky) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |
Windspots | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Shark spotters | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | |
Water quality | 0.25 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1.00 | |
Density white pop * | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.63 | 0.84 | |
Density total pop general beach goers * | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.31 | 0.62 | |
Fishing and angling | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Subdistrict | Number of Beaches | Percentage | Ie | Is | Ien | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southern (17, 35%) | 17 | 35% | 3.01 | 3.21 | 5.37 * | 3.88 * |
Western (22, 45%) | 22 * | 45% * | 3.52 * | 2.99 | 4.71 | 3.75 |
Khayelitsha + Mitchells Plain (3, 6%) | 3 | 6% | 2.91 | 3.92 * | 4.30 | 3.72 |
Eastern (7, 14%) | 7 | 14% | 2.43 | 2.83 | 5.27 | 3.53 |
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Martín-González, R.; Swart, K.; Luque-Gil, A.-M. Tourism Competitiveness and Sustainability Indicators in the Context of Surf Tourism: The Case of Cape Town. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7238. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137238
Martín-González R, Swart K, Luque-Gil A-M. Tourism Competitiveness and Sustainability Indicators in the Context of Surf Tourism: The Case of Cape Town. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7238. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137238
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-González, Roberto, Kamilla Swart, and Ana-María Luque-Gil. 2021. "Tourism Competitiveness and Sustainability Indicators in the Context of Surf Tourism: The Case of Cape Town" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7238. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137238