The Role of Shared E-Scooter Systems in Urban Sustainability and Resilience during the Covid-19 Mobility Restrictions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Worldwide Cities’ Take-Up of E-Scooter Sharing Systems
3. Theoretical Framework
3.1. City Resilience
3.2. Sustainable and Smart Mobility
4. Methodology
5. Literature Review: Impacts of E-Scooter Sharing Systems on Sustainability
6. Case Study
6.1. Impacts of COVID-19 on Urban Mobility and the Role of Shared E-Scooters
6.2. Insights from the E-Scooter Sharing System in the City of Braga
6.2.1. Background Information
6.2.2. Shared E-Scooter Systems in Braga
6.2.3. Shared E-Scooter Usage in Braga before Covid-19 Pandemic
6.2.4. Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Shared E-Scooter Usage in Braga
7. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City | Companies Operating (by 2020) |
---|---|
San Francisco, CA | Spin, Scoot |
San Diego, CA | Bird, Spin, Lyft, Wheels |
Los Angeles, CA | Bird, Jump, Lyft, Spin, Sherpa, Wheels |
Long Beach, CA | Bird, Lime, Gruv, Razor |
Santa Monica, CA | Bird, Lyft |
Freemont, CA | Hopr |
Portland, OR | Spin, Razor, Lime, Bird |
Boise, ID | Lime, Bird, Spin |
Bozeman, MT | Blink Rides |
Salt Lake City, UT | Bird, Lime, Spin, Razor |
Ogden, UT | Lime |
Farmington, UT | Spin |
Denver, CO | Lyft, Razor, Spin, Bird, Lime |
Tucson, AZ | Razor (Pilot) |
Tempe, AZ | Razor |
Austin, TX | Bird, Lime, Spin, Wheels |
Corpus Christ, TX | Blue Duck |
San Antonio, TX | Bird, Razor |
Dallas, TX | Lime, Bird, Wheels |
Plano, TX | Boaz Bikes, Razor |
Oklahoma City, OK | Lime |
Stillwater, OK | Bird, Lime |
Kansas City, KS | RideKC scooter, Bird, Spin |
Wichita, KS | Spin, Voeride |
Minneapolis, MN | Bird, Lyft |
St. Paul, MN | Lime |
Detroit, MI | Bird, Spin |
Ann Arbor, MI | Spin |
Lansing, MI | Gotcha |
Nashville, TN | Lime |
Atlanta, GA | Bird, Spin, Helbiz, Veoride |
Tampa, FL | Spin, Bird, Lime |
Fort Pierce, FL | Zagster |
Orlando, FL | Wheels |
Charlotte, NC | Bird, Lime, Spin |
Blacksburg, VA | Spin |
Virginia Beach, VA | Bird, Lime, Veoride, Spin |
Washington, D.C. | Jump, Lyft, Skip, Spin |
Baltimore, MD | Lime, Spin |
Providence, RI | Veoride, Spin |
E-Scooter Company | Country | Cities |
---|---|---|
Bolt | Czech Republic | Boskovice, Brno, Frydek-Mistek, Mladá Boleslav, Olomouc, Pardubice, Prague |
Estonia | Parnu, Talin, Tartu | |
France | Bordeaux | |
Croatia | Osijek, Rijeka | |
Lithuania | Kaunas, Klaipeda, Panevezys, Vilnius | |
Latvia | Daugavpils, Jelgava, Liepaja, Riga, Valmiera | |
Malta | Malta | |
Norway | Bergen, Fredrikstad, Lillestrom, Oslo | |
Poland | Bialystok, Gdansk, Gdynia, Katowice, Krakow, Lublin, Poznan, Silesia, Sopot, Trojmiasto, Warsaw, Wroclaw | |
Portugal | Braga, Lisbon, | |
Romania | Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Constanta, Galati, | |
Sweden | Gothenburg, Stockholm | |
Lime | Austria | Vienna |
Belgium | Brussels | |
Bulgaria | Sofia | |
Czech Republic | Brno, Pilsen, Prague | |
Denmark | Copenhagen | |
Finland | Helsinki | |
France | Lyon, Paris, Toulouse | |
Germany | Berlin, Bonn, Brunswick, Cologne, Dortmund, Dresden, Dusseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Karlsruhe, Munich, Nuremberg, Ruhrpott, Stuttgart | |
Greece | Chania, Rethymno, Thessaloniki | |
Hungary | Balaton, Budapest | |
Italy | Milan, Rimini, Rome, Turin, Verona | |
Norway | Oslo | |
Poland | Krakow, Poznan, Tricity, Warsaw, Wroclaw | |
Portugal | Lisbon | |
Romania | Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca | |
Spain | Barcelona, Madrid, Malaga, Seville | |
Sweden | Gothenburg, Malmo, Stockholm | |
United Kingdom | London, Milton Keynes | |
Bird | Austria | Vienna |
Belgium | Antwerp, Brussels | |
France | Bordeaux, Bretigny-sur-Orge, Marseille, Orange, Villemonble, Viry-Chatillon | |
Germany | Berlin, Chemnitz, Cologne, Darmstadt, Dortmund, Dusseldorf, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Gelsenkirchen, Gottingen, Hamburg, Hannover, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Karlsruhe, Kassel, Ludwigshafen, Munich, Neckarsulm, Neu-Ulm, Oldenburg, Pforzheim, Regensburg, Reutlingen, Rostock, Troisdorf, Ulm, Wurzburg | |
Italy | Aprilia, Firenze, Milano, Palermo, Pesaro, Rimini, Rome, Torino, Verona, Viareggio | |
Norway | Bergen, Oslo | |
Portugal | Braga, Lisbon, Porto | |
Spain | Madrid, Malaga, Terragona, Zaragoza | |
Sweden | Gothenburg, Stockholm | |
Switzerland | Basel, Winterthur, Zurich | |
UK | Canterbury, Redditch |
Reference | Sustainability Aspect | Methodology | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental | Social | Economic | Discussion/Review | LCA | Survey | Geospatial Analysis | Pilot Study | |
Chang et al., 2016 | x | x | ||||||
Clewlow et al., 2018 | x | x | ||||||
Populus, 2018 | x | x | ||||||
Zagorskas and Burinskien, 2019 | x | x | ||||||
Smith and Schwieterman, 2019 | x | x | x | |||||
Hollingsworth et al., 2019 | x | x | ||||||
Schellong et al., 2019 | x | x | ||||||
Hardt and Bogenberger, 2019 | x | x | ||||||
Fong and Mcdermott, 2019 | x | x | ||||||
Moreau et al., 2020 | x | x | ||||||
Gössling, 2020 | x | x | x | |||||
Caspi et al., 2020 | x | x | ||||||
Holm Moller and Simlett, 2020 | x | x | ||||||
Bortoli, 2020 | x | x | x | |||||
Christoforou et al., 2021 | x | x | x | |||||
Hosseinzadeh et al., 2021 | x | x | ||||||
Lee et al., 2021 | x | x | ||||||
Almannaa et al., 2021 | x | x | x |
Keywords/Query | Scopus | WoS |
---|---|---|
(e-scooter) | 233 | 168 |
(e-scooter) AND (life cycle assessment) | 9 | 7 |
(e-scooter) AND (urban sustainability) | 8 | 8 |
(e-scooter) AND (sustainable transport) | 17 | 14 |
(e-scooter) AND (field test) | 5 | 3 |
(e-scooter) AND (environmental assessment) | 13 | 8 |
(e-scooter) AND (spatial analyses) | 12 | 10 |
Metric | August | September | October | November | December |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of e-scooters | 46 | 110 | 174 | 103 | 98 |
Number of trips per month | 1746 | 7159 | 6843 | 2439 | 2549 |
Number of trips per e-scooter | 1.26 | 2.17 | 1.31 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Number of trips (average/day) | 58 | 239 | 228 | 81 | 82 |
Number of km traveled | 4624 | 14,924 | 11,770 | 4004 | 4076 |
Most solicited weekday | Sunday | Sunday | Saturday | Saturday | Tuesday |
Most solicited hour of the day | 6 p.m. | 5 p.m. | 7 p.m. | 6 p.m. | 5 p.m. |
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Dias, G.; Arsenio, E.; Ribeiro, P. The Role of Shared E-Scooter Systems in Urban Sustainability and Resilience during the Covid-19 Mobility Restrictions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7084. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137084
Dias G, Arsenio E, Ribeiro P. The Role of Shared E-Scooter Systems in Urban Sustainability and Resilience during the Covid-19 Mobility Restrictions. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7084. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137084
Chicago/Turabian StyleDias, Gabriel, Elisabete Arsenio, and Paulo Ribeiro. 2021. "The Role of Shared E-Scooter Systems in Urban Sustainability and Resilience during the Covid-19 Mobility Restrictions" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7084. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137084
APA StyleDias, G., Arsenio, E., & Ribeiro, P. (2021). The Role of Shared E-Scooter Systems in Urban Sustainability and Resilience during the Covid-19 Mobility Restrictions. Sustainability, 13(13), 7084. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137084