A GIS Software Module for Environmental Impact Assessment of the Open Pit Mining Projects for Small Mining Operators in Kazakhstan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Methodologies for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Open Pit Mines
2.2. The Normative Frameworks for Mining Industry EIA
2.3. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Software for EIA
3. Methodology
3.1. EIA Regulatory Frameworks in Kazakhstan
3.1.1. Atmosphere
3.1.2. Water: Surface and Groundwater
3.1.3. Soil and Subsoil
3.2. Mathematical Models for EIA Module Assessment
3.2.1. Estimation of Harmful Emissions into Atmosphere for Open Pit Mining
- —specific dust emission from 1 m3 of drilled rock with the i-th machine tool, kg/m3;
- —annual net operating time of the drilling rig, h/year;
- —the total number of working machines in the section;
- —coefficient that considers the moisture content of the material.
- —the specific content of harmful gases in DGC formed during the explosion of 1 kg of explosives, L/kg;
- —the quantity of blasted explosives, kg.
- —rock density, t/m3;
- —excavator bucket capacity, m3;
- —the net operating time of the excavator per year, h;
- —excavation ratio;
- —excavator cycle time, s;
- —coefficient that takes into account the wind speed, (m/s), and is determined by the most typical value of the wind speed for a given area;
- —coefficient considering material moisture.
- —net working time of the bulldozer per shift, h;
- —the volume of materials dragged by the bulldozer, m3;
- —cycle time, s;
- —number of shifts of the bulldozer per year.
- k—engine operating mode;
- —the number of days of machine operation per year;
- —the number of working dump trucks or locomotive trains;
- —coefficient of influence of climatic conditions of work;
- —coefficient that depends on the age and technical condition of the trucks.
- , —the specific dust emission formed when one truck passes 1 km on temporary and permanent roads, respectively, kg/km;
- , —the length of temporary and permanent roads, respectively, km;
- —the number of runs of each dump truck per year;
- —the number of dump trucks in operation.
- —coefficient that takes into account local conditions and the degree of protection of the unit from external influences;
- —coefficient that takes into account the height of unloading of the material;
- —specific emission of solid particles of the shipped (reloaded) material, g/t;
- —the annual amount of reloaded or unloaded material, t/year.
- —the mass of solid particles blown off from 1 m2 of rocks freshly placed on dump per year, t/year;
- —annual area of a freshly placed dump, m2;
- —the mass of solid particles blown off from 1 m2 of the deflating surfaces of the dump, t/year;
- —area of the dump affected by the deflation, m2.
3.2.2. Calculation of the Gross Discharges of Harmful Substances into Water Bodies by Mine Transportation Vehicles
- the pollution of wastewater provided that the wastewater is discharged into the reservoir from the estimated source with mixing of wastewater from other sources and that the concentration of the i-th impurity in the wastewater entering the reservoir is not constant during the year;
- the impact of various open pit mine transports on wastewater pollution;
- the pollution due to household needs of mining enterprises;
- the impact of an open pit mine on the water basin based on comprehensive estimation of gross discharges of harmful substances from various types of transport:
- ◦
- vehicles and motor depots
- ◦
- railway transport
- ◦
- conveyor transport
3.2.3. Calculation of the Negative Impact of an Open Pit Mine on Soil and Subsoil
- —the content of the useful component in the original mineral ore in the ore mass or in mineral reserves, %;
- —the content of the useful component in the excavated ore, %.
- —the amount of mined rock mass, t or m3;
- —if the distribution of useful components in the mineral is uniform and the contaminating rocks are waste rock.
4. Results
4.1. EIA Web Application Architecture
- calculation of harmful emissions for the complex of open pit mining equipment (based on specific indicators)
- determination of gross discharges of harmful substances into water bodies by various types of open pit mine transport
- calculation of the negative impact of the open pit mine on the subsoil and land.
4.2. Cloud Solution Implementation and User Interface Development
- the concept of Software as a Service (SaaS) or ‘program as a service’ for the end user
- data opacity for the resource administrator or storing only data encrypted with the user’s personal password in the database
- selectable modularity of the application for the end user
- transparency of the methods used for the end user.
5. Case Study: The Kurzhunkul Deposit
- = 3.5 kg/m3 (taken for the air-water method of dust collection from the reference handbook for hard rocks);
- = 2 × 12 × 280 = 6720, h/year;
- = 5;
- = 0.1 (taken from the reference handbook for hard rocks).
- = 9.0 L/kg (reference data for ANFO);
- = 11,195,520 × 0.9 = 10,075,968 kg (based on the volume of the blasted mass and the data on the specific consumption of ANFO equal to 0.9 kg/m3 for hard rocks, f > 12).
- = 1.4 g/L (reference data for ANFO);
- = 4.5 L/kg (reference data for ANFO);
- = 11,195,520 m3,
- = 1.6 (reference data for hard rocks).
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Comparison Parameter | International | Kazakhstan |
---|---|---|
Legal and regulatory framework | Directive 85/337/EEC, which began in July 1998, Directive 2011/92/EC5, UN/ECE Convention (Aarhus Convention), signed in 1998. | Code ‘On Mineral Resources and Their Use’, dated 5 January 2021 Environmental Code, dated 1 February 2021; Land Code, dated 20 June 2003; Water Code, dated 9 July 2003 |
Assessment objects | Listed in EU Directive 85/337, however the EU members can determine which projects will be subject to evaluation. | The legislation establishes the principle of compulsory state environmental expertise. |
Stages of EIA implementation | Screening Scoping Preparation of the draft EIA Preparation of the final document Monitoring | Notification of authorities, preliminary assessment, terms of reference for conducting an EIA. Investigation to assess the impact on the environment, preparation of a preliminary version of documents for EIA. Preparation of the final version of documents on environmental impact assessment. |
Public participation | Mandatory informing the public, including consultations with stakeholders and arranging public meetings and hearings. | Informing the public through publication in official media, which indicates all the necessary information, in particular the name, the purpose of the planned activity, approximate timing and intended form of public discussion (poll, hearings, referendum, etc.). |
Assessor | Project developer with the involvement of environmental consultants | Customer (performer)—an individual orlegal entity |
Elements of the Biosphere | Impact on the Elements of the Biosphere | Impact Result |
---|---|---|
Water: -ground water | Field drainage, discharge of waste and drainage water | Reduction of underground, ground and surface water reserves. Violation of the hydrogeological and hydrological regimes of the water basin |
Water: -surface water | Drainage and transfer of surface reservoirs and watercourses, discharge of waste and drainage water, water intake for technical and household needs of enterprises | Pollution of the water basin by sewage and drainage waters. Deterioration of water quality as a result of adverse changes in hydrochemical and biological regimes of surface and underground waters |
Air | Organised and unorganised emissions of dust and gases into the atmosphere | Contamination (dust and gas contamination) day |
Land and soil | Mining operations, construction of dumps, hydraulic dumps, tailings and reservoirs. Construction of industrial and civil buildings and structures. Laying of roads and other types of communications | Deformation of the earth’s surface. Violation of the soil cover. Reducing the area of productive land. Deterioration of soil quality. Changing the appearance of the territory. Changes in the state of ground and surface waters. Deposition of dust and chemical compounds due to emissions into the atmosphere. Erosion |
Subsoil | Conducting mining operations. Extraction of minerals host and overburdened rocks. The drainage fields. Flooding of the field areas. Ignition of minerals and waste rocks. Disposal of harmful substances and industrial waste. The discharge of wastewater | Changes in the stress-strain state of a rock mass. Reduction in the quality of minerals and the industrial value of deposits. Pollution of the subsoil. Development of karst processes. Mineral losses due to dilution |
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Zarubin, M.; Statsenko, L.; Spiridonov, P.; Zarubina, V.; Melkoumian, N.; Salykova, O. A GIS Software Module for Environmental Impact Assessment of the Open Pit Mining Projects for Small Mining Operators in Kazakhstan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6971. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126971
Zarubin M, Statsenko L, Spiridonov P, Zarubina V, Melkoumian N, Salykova O. A GIS Software Module for Environmental Impact Assessment of the Open Pit Mining Projects for Small Mining Operators in Kazakhstan. Sustainability. 2021; 13(12):6971. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126971
Chicago/Turabian StyleZarubin, Mikhail, Larissa Statsenko, Pavel Spiridonov, Venera Zarubina, Noune Melkoumian, and Olga Salykova. 2021. "A GIS Software Module for Environmental Impact Assessment of the Open Pit Mining Projects for Small Mining Operators in Kazakhstan" Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6971. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126971
APA StyleZarubin, M., Statsenko, L., Spiridonov, P., Zarubina, V., Melkoumian, N., & Salykova, O. (2021). A GIS Software Module for Environmental Impact Assessment of the Open Pit Mining Projects for Small Mining Operators in Kazakhstan. Sustainability, 13(12), 6971. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126971