Abdominal Obesity in Overweight Schoolchildren from Portoviejo (Ecuador). Conicity Index Cut-Points for Sustainable Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Crovetto-Mattassi, M.; Coñuecar-Silva, S. Publicidad alimentaria según grupos y sub-grupos de alimentos en la televisión de Chile. Nutr. Clín. Diet. Hosp. 2016, 36, 41–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Díaz, J.; Espinoza-Navarro, O. Determinación del porcentaje de masa grasa, según mediciones de perímetros corporales, peso y talla: un estudio de validación. Int. J. Morphol. 2012, 30, 1604–1610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- González-Jiménez, E. Composición corporal: Estudio y utilidad clínica. Endocrinol. Nutr. 2013, 60, 69–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Curilem-Gatica, C.; Almagià-Flores, A.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F.; Yuing-Farias, T.; Berral de la Rosa, F.; Martínez-Salazar, C.; Jorquera-Aguilera, C.; Bahamondes-Ávila, C.; Soís-Urra, P.; Cristi-Montero, C.; et al. Evaluación de la composición corporal en niños y adolescentes: Directrices y Recomendaciones. Nutr. Hosp. 2016, 33, 734–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fariñas-Rodríguez, L.; Vázquez-Sánchez, V.; Fuentes-Smith, L.E.; Martínez-Fuentes, A. Índice de Conicidad en una muestra de niños cubanos, herramienta para estudios poblacionales. Rev. Cuba. Genética Comunitaria 2012, 6, 31–37. Available online: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revcubgencom/cgc-2012/cgc122e.pdf (accessed on 12 December 2019).
- Lamiquiz-Moneo, I.; Mateo-Gallego, R.; Bea, A.M.; Dehesa-García, B.; Pérez-Calahorra, S.; Marco-Benedí, V.; Baila-Rueda, L.; Laclaustra, M.; Civeira, F.; Cenarro, A. Genetic predictors of weight loss in overweight and obese subjects. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 10770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Pysna, J.; Pysny, L.; Cihlar, D.; Petru, D.; Skopek, M. Effect of Physical Activity on Obesity in Second Stage Pupils of Elementary Schools in Northwest Bohemia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prazeres-Almeida, E.; Sabino-Pinho, C.P.; Dornelas-Leão, A.P.; Galvão-Rodrigues, I.; Silva-Diniz, A.; Kruze Grande de Arruda, I. Razón entre grasa visceral y subcutánea como predictor de alteraciones cardiometabólicas. Rev. Chil. Nutr. 2018, 45, 28–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hernández, R.J.; Mendoza, C.J.; Duchi, J.P. Índice de conicidad y su utilidad para detectar riesgo cardiovascular y metabólico. Revista Cubana de Endocrinología 2017, 28, 1–13. Available online: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-29532017000100008 (accessed on 14 December 2019).
- Pérez de José, A.; Verdalles-Guzmán, U.; Abad, S.; Vega, A.; Reque, J.; Panizo, N.; Rincón, A.; Yuste, C.; Arroyo, D.; López-Gómez, J.M. El síndrome metabólico se asocia con eventos cardiovasculares en hemodiálisis. Nefrología 2014, 34, 69–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barreto-Quintana, H.M.; Ferrer-Arocha, M.; Fernández Britto-Rodríguez, J.E.; Sierra-Ariza, I.D. Señales aterogénicas tempranas en niños entre 3 y 5 años de un círculo infantil de La Habana. Rev. Fac. Med. 2014, 62, 187–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz-Sánchez, E.; Bañuelos-Barrera, Y.; Bañuelos-Barrera, P.; Álvarez-Aguirre, A.; Valles-Verdín, M.M.; Domínguez-Chávez, C.J. Porcentaje de grasa corporal en escolares y su asociación con el estilo de vida y macronutrientes. Rev. Cuid. 2015, 6, 1022–1028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Dornhoff, M.; Hörnschemeyer, A.; Fiebelkorn, F. Students’ Conceptions of Sustainable Nutrition. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonavolontà, V.; Cataldi, S.; Coluccia, A.; Giunto, A.; Fischetti, F. Sustainable Intervention for Health Promotion and Postural Control Improvement: Effects of Home-Based Oculomotor Training. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López-Gil, J.F.; García-Hermoso, A.; Gomes-Sentone, R.; Israel-Caetano, C.; Renato-Cavichiolli, F.; Yuste-Lucas, J.L. Influence of Adiposity on Physical Activity in Schoolchildren: The Moderator Role of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández, J.R.; Redden, D.T.; Pietrobelli, A.; Allison, D.B. Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents. J. Pediatr. 2004, 145, 439–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valdez, R.; Seidell, J.C.; Ahn, Y.I.; Weiss, K.M. A new index of abdominal adiposity as an indicator of risk for cardiovascular disease: A cross-population study. Int. J. Obes. 1993, 17, 77–82. [Google Scholar]
- Mondal, H.; Mondal, S.; Baidya, C. Conicity index and a body shape index as predictor variable for cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy young adults. CHRISMED J. Health Res. 2018, 5, 133–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neta, A.d.C.; Farias-Júnior, J.C.d.M.; Martins-Rodriguez, P.; Ferreira-Flávia, E.L.d.L. Índice de conicidade como preditor de alterações no perfil lipídico em adolescentes de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública 2017, 33, e00029316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Sousa, N.P.S.; Salvador, E.P.; Barros, A.K.; Polisel, C.G.; Carvalho, W.R.G. Anthropometric Predictors of Abdominal Adiposity in Adolescents. JEP Online 2016, 19, 66–76. [Google Scholar]
- Organización Mundial de la Salud. Curso de Capacitación para la Evaluación de Crecimiento del Niño. 2008. Available online: https://www.who.int/childgrowth/training/es/ (accessed on 26 October 2020).
- Marfell-Jones, M.; Olds, T.; Stewart, A.; Carter, L. Normas Internacionales para la Valoración Antropométrica. Manual ISAK Potchefstroom: República de Sudáfrica. Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK). 2015. Available online: https://antrofor.files.wordpress.com/2020/02/manual-isak-2005-cineantropometria-castellano1.pdf (accessed on 17 January 2020).
- Vasques, A.C.; Rosado, L.; Rosado, G.; Ribeiro, R.d.C.; Franceschini, S.; Geloneze, B. Indicadores antropométricos de resistencia a la insulina. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 2010, 95, e14–e23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Alvero Cruz, J.R.; Cabañas Armesilla, M.D.; Herrero de Lucas, A.; Martinez Riaza, L.; Moreno Pascual, C.; Porta Manzañido, J.; Sillero Quintana, M.; Sirvent Belando, J.E. Protocolo de valoración de la composición corporal para el reconocimiento médico-deportivo. Documento de consenso del grupo español de cineantropometría de la Federación Española de Medicina del Deporte. Arch. Med. Dep. 2010, 139, 330–343. Available online: https://archivosdemedicinadeldeporte.com/articulos/upload/Documento_de_consenso_330_139.pdf (accessed on 13 April 2020).
- Remón-Popa, I.; González-Sotolongo, O.C.; Arpa-Gámez, C.Á. El índice cintura-talla como variable de acumulación de grasa para valorar riesgo cardiovascular. Rev. Cuba. Med. Mil. 2013, 42, 444–450. Available online: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0138-65572013000400004&lng=es&tlng=es (accessed on 26 October 2020).
- Arencibia-Moreno, R.; Hernández-Gallardo, D.; Linares-Girela, D.; Párraga- Acosta, J.S.; Rodríguez-Véliz, R.I.; Linares-Manrique, M. Transición de la complexión ósea y el estado nutricional en escolares de Portoviejo, Ecuador. Nutr. Clín. Diet. Hosp. 2020, 40, 10–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cordero, M.L.; Cesani, M.F. Crecimiento, estado nutricional y composición corporal: Un estudio transversal sobre las manifestaciones del dimorfismo sexual en escolares de Tucumán, Argentina. Rev. Española Nutr. Hum. Dietética 2020, 24, 50–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harwood, H.J. The adipocyte as an endocrine organ in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Neuropharmacology 2012, 63, 57–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bojanic, D.; Ljubojevic, M.; Krivokapic, D.; Gontarev, S. Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio reference percentiles for abdominal obesity among Macedonian adolescents. Nutr. Hosp. 2020, 37, 786–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Miguelsanz, M.J.; Cabrera-Parra, W.; Varela-Moreiras, G.; Garaulet, M. Distribución regional de la grasa corporal. Uso de técnicas de imagen como herramienta de diagnóstico nutricional. Nutr. Hosp. 2010, 25, 207–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flores-Olivares, L.A.; De-León-Fierro, L.G.; Jiménez-Ponce, B.P.; Ortíz-Rodríguez, B. Circunferencia de cintura en cuatro sitios y su relación con indicadores de obesidad en escolares de 6 a 11 años. CienciaUAT 2019, 13, 18–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Ríos, M.; Santiago-Pérez, M.I.; Leis, R.; Martínez, A.; Malvar, A.; Hervada, X.; Suanzes, J. Exceso ponderal y obesidad abdominal en niños y adolescentes gallegos. An. Pediatría 2018, 89, 302–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moser, D.C.; Back, I.; Kapp, A.; Reis, A.; Coelho-e-Silva, M.; Leite, N. Anthropometric measure and blood pressure in school children. J. Pediatr. 2013, 89, 243–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Bautista-Rodríguez, M.L.; Guadarrama-Guadarrama, R.; Veytia-López, M. Prevalencia de obesidad según los indicadores: Porcentaje de grasa corporal, índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de cintura. Nutr. Clín. Diet. Hosp. 2020, 40, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreno, L.A.; Moliner-Urdiales, D.; Ruiz, J.; Mesana, M.I.; Vicente-Rodríguez, G.; Rodríguez, G.; Fleta, J.; León, J.F.; García-Fuentes, M.J.; Castillo, M.; et al. Five year trends on total and abdominal adiposity in Spanish adolescents. Nutr. Hosp. 2012, 27, 731–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Torres-Zapata, A.E.; Zapata-Gerónimo, D.; Rivera-Domínguez, J.; Acuña-Lara, J.P. El obeso de peso normal. Rev. Salud Pública Nutr. 2018, 17, 25–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Carneiro, A.K.; Santana, L.C.; Cunha, C.; Eickemberg, M.; De Almeida, P.; Barbosa, L. Anthropometric clinical indicators in the assessment of visceral obesity: An update. Nutr. Clín. Diet. Hosp. 2016, 36, 168–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bacopoulou, F.; Efthymiou, V.; Landis, G.; Rentoumis, A.; Chrousos, G.P. Waist circumference, waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratio reference percentiles for abdominal obesity among Greek adolescentes. BMC Pediatrics 2015, 15, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Barbosa, L.; Chaves, O.C.; Ribeiro, R.d.C. Parámetros antropométricos y de composición corporal en la predicción del porcentaje de grasa y perfil lipídico en escolares. Rev. Paul. Pediatr. 2012, 30, 520–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez, B.; Landaeta-Jiménez, M.; Vásquez, M. Distribución de la adiposidad en adolescentes mediante el índice de conicidad. Act. Cien. Ven. 2000, 51, 244–251. Available online: https://www.analesdenutricion.org.ve/publicaciones/349.pdf (accessed on 28 October 2020).
- Cook, S.; Kavey, R.E. Dyslipidemia and pediatric obesity. Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 2011, 58, 1363–1373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Hoyo-Lora, M.; Sañudo-Corrales, B. Composición corporal y actividad física como parámetros de salud en niños de una población rural de Sevilla. Rev. Int. Cienc. Deporte 2007, 6, 56–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Age | N = 356 | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Waist Circ. (cm) | CI | BF% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | ||||||
5 | 34 | 9.6 | 1.12 ± 0.05 | 23.95 ± 3.86 | 58.80 ± 5.08 | 1.17 ± 0.05 | 16.10 ± 4.59 |
6 | 153 | 43.0 | 1.33 ± 0.13 | 39.34 ± 14.08 | 65.80 ± 7.85 | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 20.20 ± 5.80 |
7 | 56 | 15.4 | 1.24 ± 0.06 | 32.29 ± 6.33 | 65.04 ± 7.20 | 1.17 ± 0.05 | 19.28 ± 5.98 |
8 | 79 | 19.4 | 1.30 ± 0.06 | 34.93 ± 5.98 | 65.90 ± 6.78 | 1.17 ± 0.06 | 18.86 ± 6.99 |
9 | 45 | 12.6 | 1.35 ± 0.06 | 40.18 ± 10.07 | 67.52 ± 5.57 | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 19.62 ± 5.56 |
Total | 356 | 100 | 1.30 ± 0.12 | 36.22 ± 11.76 | 65.25 ± 7.36 | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 19.34 ± 6.03 |
Age/Sex | n | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | Waist Circ. (cm) | CI | BF% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | Boys | 21 | 1.12 ± 0.05 | 23.44 ± 3.91 | 58.12 ± 4.61 | 1.16 ± 0.04 | 14.16 ± 2.32 | |||||
Girls | 13 | 1.13 ± 0.06 | 24.77 ± 3.78 | 59.90 ± 5.79 | 1.17 ± 0.06 | 19.25 ± 5.63 | ||||||
Comparative Analysis | 34 | t | p | Z | p | Z | p | Z | p | Z | p | |
−0.60 | 0.54 | −1.09 | 0.27 | −0.95 | 0.34 | −2.05 | 0.04 * | −6.98 | 0.001 ** | |||
6 | Boys | 73 | 1.32 ± 0.13 | 38.52 ± 13.43 | 63.25 ± 7.85 | 1.14 ± 0.06 | 17.02 ± 3.90 | |||||
Girls | 80 | 1.35 ± 0.13 | 40.17 ± 14.73 | 66.98 ± 7.71 | 1.17 ± 0.06 | 23.11 ± 5.75 | ||||||
Comparative Analysis | 153 | Z | p | t | p | t | p | Z | p | Z | p | |
−1.79 | 0.07 | −1.44 | 0.15 | −2.22 | 0.02 * | −3.08 | 0.001 ** | −7.84 | 0.0001 *** | |||
7 | Boys | 28 | 1.23 ± 0.06 | 30.27 ± 4.28 | 63.04 ± 5.16 | 1.16 ± 0.05 | 15.90 ± 3.83 | |||||
Girls | 27 | 1.26 ± 0.06 | 34.31 ± 7.41 | 66.50 ± 8.93 | 1.19 ± 0.06 | 22.79 ± 5.82 | ||||||
Comparative Analysis | 56 | t | p | t | p | Z | p | Z | p | Z | p | |
−1.72 | 0.08 | −2.27 | 0.02 * | −1.81 | 0.07 | −3.51 | 0.001 ** | −5.65 | 0.0001 *** | |||
8 | Boys | 32 | 1.29 ± 0.07 | 33.08 ± 5.21 | 63.19 ± 6.01 | 1.15 ± 0.06 | 14.92 ± 5.17 | |||||
Girls | 37 | 1.31 ± 0.06 | 36.58 ± 6.19 | 66.66 ± 11.89 | 1.19 ± 0.06 | 22.28 ± 6.59 | ||||||
Comparative Analysis | 79 | t | p | t | p | t | p | Z | p | Z | p | |
−1.30 | 0.19 | −1.62 | 0.11 | −2.92 | 0.001 ** | −2.66 | 0.01 * | −5.73 | 0.0001 *** | |||
9 | Boys | 30 | 1.36 ± 0.06 | 40.44 ± 11.36 | 65.81 ± 6.24 | 1.14 ± 0.03 | 17.60 ± 2.81 | |||||
Girls | 15 | 1.34 ± 0.06 | 39.61 ± 6.86 | 69.85 ± 6.42 | 1.18 ± 0.07 | 23.67 ± 7.37 | ||||||
Comparative Analysis | 45 | Z | p | t | p | Z | p | Z | p | Z | p | |
−0.67 | 0.49 | −0.47 | 0.63 | −2.76 | 0.001 ** | −1.38 | 0.16 | −1.19 | 0.23 | |||
Total: Boys | 184 | 1.29 ± 0.12 | 35.21 ± 11.57 | 63.08 ± 6.91 | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 16.25 ± 3.98 | ||||||
Total: Girls | 172 | 1.31 ± 0.11 | 37.35 ± 11.91 | 66.56 ± 8.88 | 1.18 ± 0.06 | 22.63 ± 6.11 | ||||||
Comparative Analysis | 356 | Z | p | t | p | Z | p | Z | p | Z | p | |
−2.36 | 0.18 | −2.97 | 0.001 ** | −4.18 | 0.001 ** | −4.76 | 0.001 ** | −10.37 | 0.0001 *** |
Sex | CI Intervals | Nutritional Status According to BMI Z-Score | Abdominal Obesity According to Waist Circumference | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obese (%) | Overweight (%) | Overweight Risk (%) | Overall (%) | Obese (%) | Abdominal Obesity Risk (%) | Normal (%) | Overall (%) | ||
Boys | ≤1.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
1.01–1.10 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 8.2 | 15.8 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 11.4 | 15.8 | |
1.11–1.20 | 10.9 | 21.2 | 34.2 | 66.3 | 14.7 | 18.5 | 33.2 | 66.3 | |
1.21–1.30 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 4.3 | 16.3 | 11.4 | 3.8 | 1.1 | 16.3 | |
1.31–1.40 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | |
1.41+ | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | |
Total | 18.5 | 34.2 | 47.3 | 100 | 29.3 | 24.5 | 46.2 | 100 | |
Girls | ≤1.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
1.01–1.10 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 5.2 | 9.3 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 5.2 | 9.3 | |
1.11–1.20 | 6.4 | 16.9 | 33.7 | 57 | 17.4 | 24.4 | 15.1 | 57 | |
1.21–1.30 | 7.6 | 13.4 | 8.1 | 29.1 | 24.4 | 4.7 | 0.0 | 29.1 | |
1.31–1.40 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.1 | |
Total | 16.3 | 35.5 | 48.3 | 100 | 47.1 | 32 | 20.9 | 100 | |
Overall | ≤1.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
1.01–1.10 | 2 | 3.9 | 6.7 | 12.6 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 8.4 | 12.6 | |
1.11–1.20 | 8.7 | 19.1 | 34 | 61.8 | 16 | 21.3 | 24.4 | 61.8 | |
1.21–1.30 | 5.9 | 10.4 | 6.2 | 22.5 | 17.7 | 4.2 | 0.6 | 22.5 | |
1.31–1.40 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | |
1.41+ | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | |
Total | 17.4 | 34.8 | 47.8 | 100 | 37.9 | 28.1 | 34 | 100 |
CI | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | wstC (cm) | BF% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CI | r | 1.00 | ||||
p-value | ||||||
Height (m) | r | 0.07 | 1.00 | |||
p-value | 0.17 | |||||
Weight (kg) | r | 0.19 ** | 0.87 ** | 1.00 | ||
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
wstC (cm) | r | 0.68 ** | 0.6 ** | 0.82 ** | 1.00 | |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
BF% | r | 0.47 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.66 ** | 1.00 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Classification According to Waist Circumference | Population | n | CI According to Confidence Intervals | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOWER | UPPER | |||||
Obese | Males | 54 | 1.194 ± 0.07 | 0.009 | 1.176 | 1.213 |
Females | 81 | 1.221 ± 0.06 | 0.007 | 1.208 | 1.234 | |
Overall | 135 | 1.210 ± 0.06 | 0.006 | 1.200 | 1.221 | |
Abdominal obesity risk | Males | 45 | 1.159 ± 0.04 | 0.006 | 1.148 | 1.172 |
Females | 55 | 1.167 ± 0.05 | 0.006 | 1.155 | 1.180 | |
Overall | 100 | 1.164 ± 0.04 | 0.004 | 1.155 | 1.173 | |
Normal | Males | 85 | 1.126 ± 0.04 | 0.004 | 1.118 | 1.136 |
Females | 36 | 1.125 ± 0.04 | 0.007 | 1.112 | 1.138 | |
Overall | 121 | 1.126 ± 0.04 | 0.004 | 1.119 | 1.134 | |
Overall | Males | 184 | 1.154 ± 0.06 | 0.004 | 1.146 | 1.163 |
Females | 172 | 1.184 ± 0.06 | 0.005 | 1.174 | 1.194 | |
Overall | 356 | 1.168 ± 0.06 | 0.003 | 1.162 | 1.175 | |
Cut-Points for Diagnosis of Abdominal Obesity | ||||||
Sex | Abdominal Obesity | Abdominal Obesity Risk | Normal | |||
Male | ≥1.17 | 1.14–1.16 | <1.14 | |||
Female | ≥1.2 | 1.15–1.19 | <1.15 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Arencibia-Moreno, R.; Hernández-Gallardo, D.; Linares-Girela, D.; Párraga-Acosta, J.S.; Pilay-Chávez, J.G.; Linares-Manrique, M. Abdominal Obesity in Overweight Schoolchildren from Portoviejo (Ecuador). Conicity Index Cut-Points for Sustainable Health. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5583. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105583
Arencibia-Moreno R, Hernández-Gallardo D, Linares-Girela D, Párraga-Acosta JS, Pilay-Chávez JG, Linares-Manrique M. Abdominal Obesity in Overweight Schoolchildren from Portoviejo (Ecuador). Conicity Index Cut-Points for Sustainable Health. Sustainability. 2021; 13(10):5583. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105583
Chicago/Turabian StyleArencibia-Moreno, Ricardo, Damaris Hernández-Gallardo, Daniel Linares-Girela, Johanna Sabrina Párraga-Acosta, José Gabriel Pilay-Chávez, and Marta Linares-Manrique. 2021. "Abdominal Obesity in Overweight Schoolchildren from Portoviejo (Ecuador). Conicity Index Cut-Points for Sustainable Health" Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5583. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105583