Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (i)
- Create an overview of the current P management in the Baltic countries, considering the main P flows (quantity and forms) in terms of P extraction, production, consumption, and losses to the environment (land and water bodies) to highlight the potential of improvement in P recovery;
- (ii)
- Collect knowledge of the available technologies to remove and recover P from waste streams and options for selecting the most suitable solutions;
- (iii)
- With a holistic approach, create an understanding of the main limitations for the implementation of P removal technologies in relation to existing initiatives both on the national and European levels.
2.1. P sources, Use and Management in the Baltic Sea Region
2.1.1. Primary Sources of Phosphorus
2.1.2. Production of Mineral Phosphorus Fertilizers
2.1.3. Use of Phosphorus and Its Recovery from Secondary Sources
2.2. Technological Background for P Recovery: Field of Applications, Technical Features, and Output
2.3. Analysis of the Context and Its Critical Issues
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baltic Country | P fertilizer Consumption (k tonnes) | Specific P Fertiliser Consumption (tonnes/ha of Utilised Agricultural Area) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2007 | 2017 | 2007 | 2017 |
Denmark | 14.0 | 20.8 | 5.6 | 8.1 |
Estonia | 3.5 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.2 |
Germany | 115.5 | 100.9 | 7.1 | 6.2 |
Finland | 16.0 | 12.3 | 8.0 | 6.1 |
Latvia | 7.3 | 11.3 | 5.9 | 7.7 |
Lithuania | 17.0 | 23.5 | 6.6 | 8.3 |
Poland | 179.9 | 150.0 | 12.0 | 10.7 |
Sweden | 13.7 | 14.5 | 4.9 | 5.2 |
Country | Denmark | Estonia | Finland | Germany | Latvia | Lithuania | Poland | Sweden |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2010 | 2016 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2016 |
k tonnesdry matter/year | 141,000 | 18,340 | 146,000 | 1,794,443 | 24,940 | 42,488 | 584,454 | 204,300 |
Sector | Secondary P Sources |
---|---|
Agriculture | Manure [73,74]; Meat and bone meal [75]; Fish sludge [76,77] |
Municipal | Municipal wastewater [78]; Municipal sewage sludge [79,80]; Municipal sewage sludge ash [81,82]; Food waste [83] |
Industrial | Biomass ash [84]; Phosphogypsum [85]; Industrial wastewater [86] Industrial sewage sludge [87]; Industrial sewage sludge ash [88] |
Category | Recommendations | Proposed Actions |
---|---|---|
Legal recommendations | R1. Stricter requirements for more sustainable consumption and production practices (involving agriculture, food industries, water and wastewater sector, phosphate and fertilizer industries). | ● Review of good agricultural practices and best available techniques for newly created or modernized enterprises. ● Implementation of more effective control of farmers’ practices (e.g., excessive spreading of manure). ● Revision and further implementation of environmental charges, where the limit values are significantly exceeded, for discharged municipal and industrial wastewater, and illegal discharges to natural receivers. ● Alternative incentives/penalties, e.g., tax on effluents with nutrients, landfill tax, emission taxes (methane, N2O, ammonia). |
R2. Implementation of P-recovery regulations at national level. | Introduction of mandatory recovery of phosphorus from selected wastes to lead to an extension of the life cycle of this element in the economy, and thus reduce the dependence on imports and increasing raw material security for Europe. | |
R3. Development of the national action plans for the reuse of recovered P from selected waste streams. | ● According to the country’s conditions and access to selected P-rich waste streams, it is necessary to take into account all national recyclable P resources and the possibilities of their recovery and reuse in all Baltic countries. ● Development of working group at national level in the Baltic Sea countries, who develops the integrated P management system on national level. | |
R4. Further work on the development of an integrated management strategy for the Baltic Sea region (including P). | Collaboration among working groups established at national level. | |
R5. Deep analysis of P flows on the regional and national levels. | ● Calculation, monitoring, and provision of reliable information on phosphorous raw material flows at the NUTS 2 (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics) minimum level. ● Material flow analysis (MFA) on regional and national level for each Baltic country and for the entire Baltic region. | |
Financial support | R6. Financial tools supporting the sustainable management, consumption and disposal of P in the Baltic Sea countries. | ● CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) payments for sustainable farming practices, such as direct payments for implementation of the proposed FaST Tool. ● Calculate the cost of pollution of water bodies (and other negative impacts) and create incentive payments for avoidance. ● Subsidize nutrient separation from waste flows or penalize nutrient effluents from WWTPs (like in Denmark) by, for instance, charging a fee per kg of P in the WWTP effluent. |
R7. Financial tools supporting research, development, commercialisation, implementation and staying on the market of the P-recovery technologies. | ● Conduct further research on the possibility of implementing already developed solutions in all Baltic countries. ● Provide programs supporting investment in nutrient recovery technologies. ● Financial support for operating installations of P-recovery technologies. | |
Technical and environmental recommendations | R8. Improving soil and farmland management practices. | ● Avoiding of erosion and increase soil carbon and microbial status by cover crops. ● Avoiding excessive nutrient loads through precision farming (deep knowledge on the soil nutrient status and crop nutrient demand). ● Monitoring of farming and fertilizing practices in terms of time of fertilization, respecting river strips (no fertilization zones close to water bodies), and strictly respecting health and safety obligations (no sludge/manure use on crops/vegetables for consumption). |
R9. Identification and environmental assessment of solutions dealing with P-recovery potential of different waste streams and reuse. | ● Technical assessment of selected P-rich waste streams (chemical analysis, economic analysis, e.g., reserves, demand, supplies, and other aspects and areas). ● Performance analysis of the installations across the Baltic Sea region and evaluation of recycled P availability. ● Risk analysis to make a product that is safe for human health according to elaborated national requirements (in WWTPs). ● Performing life cycle assessments to better understand and assess the environmental impacts related to the P life cycle, both in linear and circular scenarios. | |
R10. Development of new technologies and modernization of the existing P recycling and recovery technologies and solutions. | ● Further technical progress in the recovery of nutrients from various waste streams, as wastewater, sewage sludge, sewage sludge ash, manure, biomass, industrial waste, bottom sediments and other. ● Elimination of impurities, including heavy metals, presence of which in the waste hampers its recycling and reuse, e.g., for fertilization purposes (due to exceeding regulatory limits, e.g., for cadmium). | |
Social aspects | R11. Promoting awareness-raising among all stakeholders related to P management. | ● Diffusion of knowledge about the typologies of P sources and the need/potential for suitable P management, preferring circular thinking. ● Promotion of the alternative management systems and technological practices for a more sustainable phosphorus usage among selected groups of stakeholders. |
R12. Building a “Phosphorus Responsible Society”. | ● Initiating a multi-disciplinary dialogue involving policymakers, industrial practitioners, high-education institutions, researchers, farmers, and society about the consequences of different P management scenarios on a global and national scale. ● Education of selected groups of stakeholders (farmers, companies, individuals, students) on the importance of the sustainable P management. ● Preparation of future consumers open to accepting higher prices for products that meet the requirements of a circular economy and are in the line with a “zero or low waste” strategy (e.g., higher costs of the fertilizers produced from recovery and recycling of waste streams). |
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Smol, M.; Preisner, M.; Bianchini, A.; Rossi, J.; Hermann, L.; Schaaf, T.; Kruopienė, J.; Pamakštys, K.; Klavins, M.; Ozola-Davidane, R.; et al. Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2567. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062567
Smol M, Preisner M, Bianchini A, Rossi J, Hermann L, Schaaf T, Kruopienė J, Pamakštys K, Klavins M, Ozola-Davidane R, et al. Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project. Sustainability. 2020; 12(6):2567. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062567
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmol, Marzena, Michał Preisner, Augusto Bianchini, Jessica Rossi, Ludwig Hermann, Tanja Schaaf, Jolita Kruopienė, Kastytis Pamakštys, Maris Klavins, Ruta Ozola-Davidane, and et al. 2020. "Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project" Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2567. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062567
APA StyleSmol, M., Preisner, M., Bianchini, A., Rossi, J., Hermann, L., Schaaf, T., Kruopienė, J., Pamakštys, K., Klavins, M., Ozola-Davidane, R., Kalnina, D., Strade, E., Voronova, V., Pachel, K., Yang, X., Steenari, B. -M., & Svanström, M. (2020). Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project. Sustainability, 12(6), 2567. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062567