Green Building in the Arctic Region: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Sustainable Buildings and Construction Policies
- Keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C by the end of the century, preferably limit the temperature increase to just 1.5 °C;
- Increase the ability to adapt to climate change;
- Make finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilience development.
3.1.1. Norway
3.1.2. Sweden
- Limits in the specific energy use (kWh/m2 and year), average thermal transmittance [W/(m2K)], and building’s average air leakage [1/(sm2)] for new and existing buildings.
- A support scheme for renovation and energy efficiency of rental apartments, introduced to incentivize renovation and energy efficiency of rental apartments in areas with socioeconomic challenges.
- Establishment of an Information Centre for Sustainable Building for promoting energy-efficient renovation and energy-efficient construction using sustainable materials and low climate impact from a life-cycle perspective.
- Implementation of an Energy Performance Certificate Act, a law on energy performance certificates for buildings, to promote efficient use of energy and healthy indoor environment.
3.1.3. Finland
3.1.4. Iceland
3.1.5. Russia
3.1.6. Canada
3.1.7. Alaska
3.2. Green Building Rating Systems
3.2.1. LEED and BREEAM
3.2.2. Other Green Building Assessment Tools
3.3. Benefits and Criticalities of Green Building
3.3.1. Environmental Benefits
3.3.2. Economic Benefits
3.3.3. Social Benefits
4. Discussion
4.1. Role of Policies in the Green Buildings Development
4.2. Green Buildings Certification Systems
4.3. Green Buildings Design Practices in Arctic Climate
5. Conclusions and Future Research Opportunities
- The review identifies the main actors in the Green Buildings development in the Arctic region. Indeed, global commitments aimed at mitigating climate change effects are leading governments to advance polices and national building codes responding to stricter standards, therefore pushing the construction industry and the market to adapt sustainable solutions. The transition to Green Buildings in the Arctic can be achieved if policies and building standards are implemented considering local climate and urbanistic patterns as well as the future local climate trend.
- Green Building rating tools are also playing a key role in promoting of sustainable, green constructions. Setting standards and requirements, they are pushing boundaries of sustainability in the building sector. The evaluation process takes into consideration different parameters according to different climate conditions and geographical characteristics, making the tools reliable and versatile. Despite the small number of buildings certificated in the Arctic, the criteria considered by the different tools showed the applicability of these systems in the Arctic. However, since Green Building rating tools are not designed on Arctic climate and local characteristics, the review identified that some of the evaluated criteria—such as transport and energy—are penalizing the achievement of certifications and high scores. In addition, more research is needed to identify the factors that are slowing the adoption of this type of sustainable solutions in the region.
- The review highlights general benefits and exposes criticalities of Green Buildings, focusing on the technologies needed for their development in the Arctic. In fact, the Arctic offers several solutions for green electricity generation. The challenge is creating a network that can reach rural areas, or alternatively, installing on-site production facilities. For this reason, it is necessary to develop technologies for on-site generation that can meet arctic requirements. To understand if Green Buildings located in the Arctic benefit from economic advantages, future research should also focus on arctic Green Building energy performance and cost analysis. In this way, it will be possible to calculate and estimate the average energy demand, energy savings, and the related accomplishments in economic terms.
- Green Buildings should be designed to meet current green standards and keep them over the time. Indeed, durability is an important feature of green design, and, since the Arctic is experiencing higher average temperature and permafrost melting, buildings should be designed taking into account these challenging changes in local climate patterns.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Year | Regime Changes | Landscape Factors |
---|---|---|---|
Norway | 2009 | “Building for the future—environmental action plan for the housing and building sector 2009–2012” | Paris Agreement Update of the EU directive on the energy performance of buildings (2010/31/EU) |
“New building blocks for the high north” | |||
2016 | “The property sector’s Roadmap towards 2050” | ||
2017 | Building code update (TEK17) | ||
2017 | “Norway’s Arctic Strategies between geopolitics and social development” | ||
2019 | “Think twice before demolishing” | ||
Sweden | 2008 | New energy labelling directive | |
2010 | The Planning and Building Act | ||
Implementation of energy performance certificates for buildings | |||
2011 | The Planning and Building Ordinance | ||
2012 | Minimum energy performance standards | ||
2014 | “Sweden’s strategy for the Arctic Region” | ||
2017 | “Sweden’s Seventh Communication on Climate Change” | ||
2018 | “Sweden’s draft integrated national energy and climate plan” | ||
Finland | 2012 | “Finland Strategies for the Arctic Region 2013” | |
2013 | Update of National building code | ||
2014 | “Energy and Climate Roadmap 2050” | ||
2017 | Government Action Plan 2017–2019 | ||
Iceland | 2018 | “Iceland’s Climate Action Plan for 2018–2030” | |
“Iceland’s Seventh National Communication and Third | |||
2019 | “Together Towards a Sustainable Arctic” | ||
Russia | 2008 | Basic Principles of Russian Federation State Policy in the Arctic to 2020 | |
2016 | Implementation of building energy efficiency class standards | ||
Road map for EE building and structures | |||
2017 | Implementation of buildings envelope standards | ||
Implementation of building energy efficiency standard | |||
2020 | Update Arctic Policy | ||
Canada | 2013 | Implementation of net-zero energy building code | |
2019 | Update of Arctic and Northern Policy | ||
2020 | Update of Zero Carbon Building standards V2 | ||
USA | 2016 | Update of national strategy for the Arctic region | |
2018 | Update of building energy efficiency standards | ||
Climate Change Action Plan Recommendation to the Governor” |
Country | Population | Total Number of Buildings | Arctic Counties | Population | Total Number of Buildings | % Population in the Arctic | % Buildings in the Arctic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Norway | 5,374,807 | 4,212,721 | Nordland | 241,235 | 259,412 | 9.02% | 11.83% |
Troms and Finmark | 243,311 | 237,768 | |||||
Svalbard | - | 1093 | |||||
Sweden | 10,343,403 | 4,978,239 | Vasterbotten | 272,044 | 141,434 | 5.05% | 5.54% |
Norrbotten | 249,843 | 134,142 | |||||
Finland | 5,533,390 | 2,734,219 | Northern Ostrobothnia | 412,830 | 192,183 | 11.97% | 11.59% |
Kainuu | 72,306 | 36,734 | |||||
Lapland | 177,161 | 88,082 | |||||
Iceland | 366,700 | 90,494 | Iceland | 366,700 | 90,494 | 100% | 100% |
Russia | 146,745,098 | n/a | Murmansk | 741,545 | n/a | 4.89% | - |
Nenets | 44,110 | n/a | |||||
Yamal-Nenets | 544,008 | n/a | |||||
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | 50,726 | n/a | |||||
Arkhangelsk | 1,136,387 | n/a | |||||
Komi Republic | 820,171 | n/a | |||||
Yakutia | 970,105 | n/a | |||||
Canada | 38,005,238 | 14,790,400 | Northwest Territories | 45,161 | 14,980 | 0.11% | 0.27% |
Nunavut | 39,535 | 9815 | |||||
Yukon | 4205 | 15,215 | |||||
USA | 330,495,805 | 139,684,244 | Alaska | 731,545 | 319,854 | 0.22% | 0.23% |
Country | Average Total Energy Consumption per Household [kWh] | Average Total Energy Consumption per Households in the Arctic Territories [kWh] |
---|---|---|
Norway | 20,230 | 23,056 |
Sweden | 23,200 | 26,700 |
Finland | 24,017 | n/a |
Iceland | n/a | n/a |
Russia | n/a | n/a |
Canada | 28,237 | 15,626 |
USA | 44,498 | 45,172 |
Country | Rating System | Total Certifications | Arctic Certifications | Arctic Certified Buildings | Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Norway | BREEAM-NOR | 304 | 4 | Office building Equinor—Harstad | 59.1% |
Bodø 360—Bodø | 45.6% | ||||
Central Atrium—Bodø | 32.9% | ||||
Equinor building—Tromsø | 55.3% | ||||
LEED | 9 | 1 | Building Aviation Authority—Bodø | Registered | |
Sweden | BREEAM-SE | 1174 | 0 | - | - |
LEED | 370 | 1 | Hotel Kiruna—Kiruna | SILVER | |
Miljöbyggnad | n/a | n/a | - | - | |
Finland | BREEAM | 445 | 2 | Ramboll Finland Oy—Rovaniemi | 42.7% |
Koy Tornio—Tornio | 52.1% | ||||
LEED | 370 | 0 | - | - | |
RTS GLT | n/a | n/a | - | - | |
Iceland | BREEAM | 10 | 10 | Höfdabakki 9—Reykjavik | 62.48% |
Iceland Visitors Centre—Reykjavik | 53.9% | ||||
Icelandic Institute of Natural History—Garðabær | 48.8% | ||||
Upper Secondary School of Mosfellsbaer—Mosfellsbaer | 63.7% | ||||
Urridaholt—Gardabaer | 63.4% | ||||
Holmsheidi Prison—Reykjavik | 56% | ||||
Thingvellir National Park—Selfoss | 58.1% | ||||
Smáralind—Kopavogur (part 1—Asset Performance) | 57.4% | ||||
Smáralind—Kopavogur (part 2—Management Performance) | 63.1% | ||||
Sjúkrahótel (i.e., Patient Hotel)—Reykjavik | 81.09% | ||||
LEED | n/a | n/a | - | - | |
Russia | BREEAM | 138 | 0 | - | - |
LEED | n/a | n/a | - | - | |
GOST R 54954 | n/a | n/a | - | - | |
Green Standard Certification System | n/a | n/a | - | - | |
Green Zoom | n/a | n/a | - | - | |
Canada | LEED Canada | 5448 | 8 | Green Stone Building—Yellowknife | GOLD |
Yellowknife Gallery Office Building—Yellowknife | SILVER | ||||
38 & 40 Nijmegan Road—Whitehorse | GOLD | ||||
FH Collins Secondary School—Whitehorse | - | ||||
704 Wood Street—Whitehorse | PLATINUM | ||||
309 Main Street—Whitehorse | CERTIFIED | ||||
Whitehorse Hospital Staff Residence—Whitehorse | SILVER | ||||
IQALUIT International Airport Terminal Building | SILVER | ||||
BOMA Best | 2260 | 0 | - | - | |
LEED | 625 | 0 | - | - | |
LEED for Homes | 872 | 0 | - | - | |
Alaska | LEED | 97,938 | 523 | - | CERTIFIED (18) SILVER (132) GOLD (101) PLATINUM (2) |
Energy Star | 36,498 | 0 | - | - | |
Green Globes | 1632 | 0 | - | - | |
Living Building Challenge | 98 | 0 | |||
National Green Building Standards | n/a | n/a | - | - | |
WELL Building Standards | n/a | n/a | - | - |
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Ravasio, L.; Sveen, S.-E.; Riise, R. Green Building in the Arctic Region: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Opportunities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229325
Ravasio L, Sveen S-E, Riise R. Green Building in the Arctic Region: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Opportunities. Sustainability. 2020; 12(22):9325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229325
Chicago/Turabian StyleRavasio, Lucrezia, Svein-Erik Sveen, and Raymond Riise. 2020. "Green Building in the Arctic Region: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Opportunities" Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229325