Spatial–Temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Coupled Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment: A Case Study of 13 Urban Agglomerations in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Sources
3.3. Variable Coefficient
3.4. Coupled Coordination Model
3.5. Geographical Detector
3.6. Construction of Index System
4. Results
4.1. Time Evolution Characteristics of the Coupled Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment in China’s Urban Agglomerations
4.1.1. Urbanization Index
4.1.2. Eco-Environmental Index
4.1.3. Coupled Coordination Degree
4.2. Spatial Pattern of the Coupled Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment in China’s Urban Agglomerations
4.2.1. Urbanization Index
4.2.2. Eco-Environmental Index
4.2.3. Coupled Coordination Degree
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coupled Coordination Degree | Type |
---|---|
0.8 < D ≤ 1.0 | High-quality coordination |
0.6 < D ≤ 0.8 | Good coordination |
0.5 < D ≤ 0.6 | Moderate coordination |
0.4 < D ≤ 0.5 | Mild imbalance |
0.0 < D ≤ 0.4 | Severe imbalance |
System | Subsystem | Indicators | Attributes |
---|---|---|---|
Urbanization system | U1: Population urbanization | I1: Urbanization rate (%) | + |
I2: Population density of built-up area (person/km2) | + | ||
I3: Proportion of employees in the secondary industry (%) | + | ||
I4: Proportion of employees in the tertiary industry (%) | + | ||
U2: Economic urbanization | I5: Per capita GDP (Yuan) | + | |
I6: Per capita social fixed asset investment (yuan/person) | + | ||
I7: GDP growth rate (%) | + | ||
I8: Proportion of the secondary industry in GDP (%) | + | ||
I9: Proportion of the tertiary industry in GDP (%) | + | ||
U3: Social urbanization | I10: Collection of books in public libraries per 10,000 people (books/10,000 people) | + | |
I11: Total retail sales of consumer goods per capita (yuan/person) | + | ||
I12: Average salary level of on-post employees (yuan) | + | ||
I13: Number of beds per 10,000 people (bed/10,000 people) | + | ||
I14: Number of college students per 10,000 people (person/10,000 people) | + | ||
I15: Number of doctors per 10,000 people (person/10,000 people) | + | ||
I16: Number of public transport per 10,000 people (vehicles/10,000 people) | + | ||
I17: Number of internet broadband access users per 10,000 people (households/10,000 households) | + | ||
U4: Spatial urbanization | I18: Proportion of urban construction land in urban area (%) | + | |
I19: Road area ratio in built-up area (%) | + | ||
I20: Highway mileage per capita (km/10,000 people) | + | ||
I21: Traffic network density (km/km2) | + | ||
I22: Urban construction land area per capita (km2/10,000 people) | + | ||
Eco-environment system | E1: Eco-environmental pressure | I23: Natural population growth rate (‰) | - |
I24: Comprehensive water consumption per capita (m3/person · year) | - | ||
I25: Natural gas consumption per capita (m3/person · year) | - | ||
I26: Consumption of LPG per capita (tons/10,000 people) | - | ||
E2: Eco-environmental state | I27: Green coverage rate in built-up areas (%) | + | |
I28: Water resources per capita (m3/person) | + | ||
I29: Industrial waste water discharge per capita (ton/person) | - | ||
I30: Industrial SO2 emissions per capita (tons/10,000 people) | - | ||
I31: Emissions of industrial dust discharge per capita (tons/10,000 people) | - | ||
E3: Eco-environmental response | I32: Harmless disposal rate of household garbage (%) | + | |
I33: Sewage treatment rate (%) | + | ||
I34: Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste (%) | + | ||
I35: Expenditure on science and technology per capita (yuan) | + |
Name | Population Urbanization | Economic Urbanization | Social Urbanization | Spatial Urbanization | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2017 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2017 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2017 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2017 | |
BGA | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.026 | 0.033 | 0.014 | 0.022 | 0.025 | 0.042 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.023 |
CCA | 0.027 | 0.030 | 0.029 | 0.037 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.022 | 0.025 | 0.022 | 0.027 | 0.033 | 0.049 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.019 | 0.036 |
GZPA | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.030 | 0.025 | 0.021 | 0.026 | 0.028 | 0.022 | 0.025 | 0.029 | 0.049 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.026 |
HCA | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.024 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.037 | 0.032 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.060 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.027 |
WTSUA | 0.028 | 0.034 | 0.024 | 0.041 | 0.036 | 0.031 | 0.044 | 0.048 | 0.024 | 0.031 | 0.040 | 0.053 | 0.020 | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.048 |
HBOYA | 0.023 | 0.025 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 0.069 | 0.071 | 0.079 | 0.094 | 0.035 | 0.045 | 0.052 | 0.080 | 0.010 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.026 |
BTHA | 0.025 | 0.027 | 0.033 | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.040 | 0.046 | 0.054 | 0.062 | 0.077 | 0.048 | 0.049 | 0.038 | 0.057 |
CSLA | 0.029 | 0.034 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.047 | 0.044 | 0.039 | 0.036 | 0.034 | 0.038 | 0.042 | 0.063 | 0.027 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.046 |
SPA | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.037 | 0.044 | 0.069 | 0.053 | 0.062 | 0.074 | 0.049 | 0.056 | 0.075 | 0.081 | 0.027 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.065 |
YRDA | 0.031 | 0.041 | 0.041 | 0.048 | 0.058 | 0.046 | 0.053 | 0.058 | 0.045 | 0.054 | 0.065 | 0.077 | 0.044 | 0.036 | 0.041 | 0.067 |
MRYRA | 0.025 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 0.037 | 0.025 | 0.026 | 0.034 | 0.039 | 0.026 | 0.030 | 0.034 | 0.050 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.035 |
CPA | 0.030 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.044 | 0.026 | 0.024 | 0.028 | 0.033 | 0.021 | 0.029 | 0.032 | 0.051 | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.032 | 0.050 |
PRDA | 0.046 | 0.048 | 0.051 | 0.058 | 0.076 | 0.068 | 0.057 | 0.072 | 0.057 | 0.085 | 0.103 | 0.117 | 0.075 | 0.068 | 0.098 | 0.147 |
Name | Eco-Environmental Pressure | Eco-Environmental State | Eco-Environmental Response | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2017 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2017 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2017 | |
BGA | 0.074 | 0.073 | 0.111 | 0.109 | 0.120 | 0.101 | 0.120 | 0.136 | 0.150 | 0.109 | 0.139 | 0.111 |
CCA | 0.092 | 0.089 | 0.138 | 0.127 | 0.106 | 0.098 | 0.112 | 0.126 | 0.155 | 0.105 | 0.144 | 0.107 |
GZPA | 0.092 | 0.087 | 0.130 | 0.120 | 0.108 | 0.096 | 0.109 | 0.130 | 0.115 | 0.111 | 0.136 | 0.101 |
HCA | 0.098 | 0.087 | 0.138 | 0.140 | 0.118 | 0.097 | 0.113 | 0.125 | 0.138 | 0.126 | 0.138 | 0.096 |
WTSUA | 0.084 | 0.082 | 0.117 | 0.106 | 0.123 | 0.100 | 0.121 | 0.138 | 0.212 | 0.140 | 0.160 | 0.123 |
HBOYA | 0.090 | 0.083 | 0.122 | 0.125 | 0.090 | 0.087 | 0.106 | 0.123 | 0.177 | 0.146 | 0.145 | 0.084 |
BTHA | 0.086 | 0.083 | 0.123 | 0.124 | 0.112 | 0.092 | 0.115 | 0.131 | 0.226 | 0.157 | 0.173 | 0.127 |
CSLA | 0.102 | 0.089 | 0.140 | 0.134 | 0.119 | 0.096 | 0.120 | 0.133 | 0.199 | 0.136 | 0.145 | 0.095 |
SPA | 0.096 | 0.087 | 0.131 | 0.111 | 0.121 | 0.097 | 0.116 | 0.128 | 0.300 | 0.158 | 0.177 | 0.129 |
YRDA | 0.096 | 0.085 | 0.130 | 0.116 | 0.114 | 0.094 | 0.116 | 0.131 | 0.248 | 0.163 | 0.192 | 0.156 |
MRYRA | 0.086 | 0.085 | 0.120 | 0.121 | 0.121 | 0.101 | 0.117 | 0.138 | 0.175 | 0.131 | 0.146 | 0.115 |
CPA | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.123 | 0.118 | 0.112 | 0.092 | 0.113 | 0.134 | 0.160 | 0.134 | 0.159 | 0.115 |
PRDA | 0.079 | 0.069 | 0.093 | 0.079 | 0.120 | 0.109 | 0.118 | 0.132 | 0.300 | 0.225 | 0.278 | 0.258 |
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Wan, J.; Zhang, L.; Yan, J.; Wang, X.; Wang, T. Spatial–Temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Coupled Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment: A Case Study of 13 Urban Agglomerations in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8821. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218821
Wan J, Zhang L, Yan J, Wang X, Wang T. Spatial–Temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Coupled Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment: A Case Study of 13 Urban Agglomerations in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12(21):8821. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218821
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Jia, Liwei Zhang, Junping Yan, Xiaomeng Wang, and Ting Wang. 2020. "Spatial–Temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Coupled Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment: A Case Study of 13 Urban Agglomerations in China" Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8821. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218821