Microalgae from Biorefinery as Potential Protein Source for Siberian Sturgeon (A. baerii) Aquafeed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microalgae Biomass Production
2.2. Feed Formulation and Production
2.3. Fish, Feeding Trial and Sampling
2.4. Chemical Analysis
2.5. Microbiological Analysis
2.6. SOD, CAT Analysis
2.7. Analysis of Digestive Enzyme Activities
2.8. Electron Microscopy Study of the Fish Intestinal Mucosa
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microalgae Biomass Production
3.2. Microalgae Biomass Chemical and Microbiological Characterization
3.3. Chemical Composition and Microbiological Characterization of Experimental Diets
3.4. Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Fillet Chemical Composition
3.5. Liver Antioxidant SOD, CAT Activity
3.6. Digestive Enzyme Activity
3.7. Analysis of Intestinal Mucosa
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients (g kg−1 Dry Matter, DM) | CT | SC 10 |
---|---|---|
Fish meal 1 | 274.0 | 191.0 |
Soybean protein concentrate 2 | 250.0 | 250.0 |
Gluten meal 3 | 150.0 | 150.0 |
Dried Scenedesmus-Chroococcus | 0 | 100.0 |
Attractant premix 4 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Fish solubles CPSP 90 5 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
Fish oil | 50.0 | 53.4 |
Wheat meal 6 | 40.5 | 19.5 |
Soybean oil | 27.0 | 27.6 |
Soybean lecithin 7 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Vitamin and mineral premix 8 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Guar gum | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Alginate | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Choline chloride 7 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Betaine | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Lysine | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Methionine | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Stay C Roche 0.2% | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Proximate Composition (g/100 g Microalgae) | Scenedesmus–Chroococcus Blend |
---|---|
Water | 10.1 |
Crude protein | 47.4 |
Total lipids | 9.6 |
Carbohydrates | 9.7 |
Ash | 6.8 |
Essential AA (g/100 g Microalgae) | Scenedesmus–Chroococcus Blend |
Arginine | 6.00 |
Histidine | 2.18 |
Isoleucine | 2.27 |
Leucine | 1.55 |
Lysine | 3.42 |
Methionine | 1.46 |
Phenylalanine | 1.28 |
Tyrosine | 1.27 |
Threonine | 2.23 |
Valine | 1.17 |
Non Essential AA (g/100 g Microalgae) | Scenedesmus–Chroococcus Blend |
Alanine | 0.76 |
Aspartic acid | 8.34 |
Glutamic acid | 5.60 |
Glycine | 0.88 |
Serine | 2.66 |
Fatty Acid Composition (mg/100 g Fatty Acid) | Scenedesmus–Chroococcus Blend |
14:0 | 0.69 |
16:0 | 21.59 |
16:1n−7 | 1.62 |
17:0 | 3.96 |
16:2n-4 | 0.48 |
18:0 | 13.15 |
18:1n-9 | 10.29 |
18:1n-7 | 1.20 |
18:2n-6 | 16.61 |
18:3n-3 | 25.82 |
18:4n-3 | 4.59 |
SFA | 39.38 |
MUFA | 13.11 |
PUFA | 47.50 |
n-3 | 30.41 |
n-6 | 16.61 |
n-3/n-6 | 1.83 |
Indicator Parameters | Scenedesmus-Chroococcus Blend |
---|---|
Total viable aerobic count (log CFU g−1) | 5.98 ± 0.03 |
Enterobacteriaceae (log CFU g−1) | 2.73 ± 0.07 |
E. coli (log CFU g−1) | 2.49 ± 0.20 |
Salmonella spp. (in 25 g) | absent |
Sulfite-reducing Clostridia spores (log CFU g−1) | 4.03 ± 0.02 * |
Proximate Composition (g/100 g Feed on Dry Basis) | CT | SC 10 |
---|---|---|
Moisture | 11.1 | 10.9 |
Crude protein | 51.5 | 51.6 |
Crude lipid | 14.0 | 14.3 |
Ash | 7.6 | 7.6 |
Fatty Acid Composition (g/100 Fatty Acid) | CT | SC 10 |
14:0 | 4.42 | 4.46 |
15:0 | 0.38 | 0.40 |
16:0 | 17.08 | 17.92 |
16:1n−7 | 3.83 | 3.88 |
17:0 | 0.28 | 0.40 |
16:2n-4 | 0.40 | 0.38 |
16:3n-4 | 0.39 | 0.38 |
18:0 | 3.19 | 3.22 |
18:1n-9 | 15.97 | 15.99 |
18:1n-7 | 2.41 | 2.39 |
18:2n-6, LOA | 20.42 | 20.92 |
18:3n-3 | 2.39 | 2.90 |
20:0 | 0.24 | 0.26 |
18:4n-3 | 1.73 | 1.82 |
20:1n-11 | 0.33 | 0.30 |
20:1n-9 | 3.52 | 3.09 |
20:4n-6, ARA | 0.54 | 0.52 |
22:1n-11 | 4.71 | 4.25 |
22:1n-9 | 0.40 | 0.35 |
20:5n-3, EPA | 7.42 | 6.97 |
24:1 | 0.48 | 0.45 |
22:5n-3 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
22:6n-3, DHA | 8.74 | 7.97 |
SFA | 25.59 | 26.66 |
MUFA | 31.63 | 30.71 |
PUFA | 42.78 | 42.63 |
n-3 | 21.04 | 20.42 |
n-6 | 20.96 | 21.45 |
n-3/n-6 | 1.00 | 0.95 |
Indicator Parameters | CT | SC 10 |
---|---|---|
Total viable aerobic count (log CFU g−1) | 3.69 ± 0.21 | 4.36 ± 0.17 |
Enterobacteriaceae (log CFU g−1) | <2.00 | <2.00 |
E. coli (log CFU g−1) | <2.00 | <2.00 |
Salmonella spp. (in 25 g) | absent | absent |
Sulfite-reducing Clostridia spores (log CFU g−1) | <2.00 | 2.83 ± 0.03 * |
Growth Parameters | CT | SC 10 |
---|---|---|
IBW (g) | 12.8 ± 0.2 | 13.0 ± 0.2 |
FBW (g) | 44.2 ± 1.7 | 43.5 ± 2 |
FI 1 (g) | 346.2 ± 3.7 | 341.5 ± 1.5 |
SGR 2 | 3.1 ± 0.05 | 3.0 ± 0.08 |
FCR 3 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 0.70 ± 0.05 |
Survival (%) | 100 ± 0.0 | 97.9 ± 4.4 |
Somatic Indices | CT | SC 10 |
Total length (cm) | 25.2 ± 1.8 | 23.9 ± 1.9 |
Whole body weight (g) | 38.6 ± 9.35 | 39.8 ± 8.6 |
K-factor | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.03 |
Proximate Composition (g/100 g Muscle on Wet Basis) | CT | SC 10 | |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture | 79.05 ± 1.73 | 79.34 ± 0.26 | |
Total protein | 16.55 ± 1.10 | 16.63± 0.62 | |
Total lipids | 3.48 ± 1.06 | 3.13 ± 0.45 | |
Ash | 0.92 ± 0.11 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | |
Fatty Acid Composition (g/100 g Fatty Acids) | p | ||
14:0 | 3.37 ± 0.19 | 3.47 ± 0.11 | |
16:0 | 18.96 ± 0.28 | 18.08 ± 0.07 | * |
16:1n−7 | 3.67 ± 0.17 | 4.00 ± 0.19 | |
18:0 | 3.35 ± 0.24 | 3.09 ± 0.29 | |
18:1n-9 cis | 19.73 ± 0.37 | 19.99 ± 0.57 | |
18:1n−7 | 3.24 ± 0.10 | 3.23 ± 0.10 | |
18:2n-6 cis 9.12 | 17.04 ± 0.27 | 17.11 ± 0.37 | |
18:3n-6 | 0.39 ± 0.10 | 0.66 ± 0.10 | * |
18:3n-3 | 1.64 ± 0.09 | 1.96 ± 0.09 | * |
18:4n-3 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | 1.02 ± 0.09 | |
20:1n-11 | 1.18 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | |
20:1n-9 | 3.53 ± 0.02 | 3.21 ± 0.08 | * |
20:3n-6 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | |
20:4n-6 | 0.92 ± 0.11 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | |
22:1n-11 | 2.72 ± 0.14 | 2.39 ± 0.16 | ** |
20:5n-3 | 5.40 ± 0.07 | 5.57 ± 0.07 | * |
22:5n-3 | 1.66 ± 0.14 | 1.84 ± 0.07 | |
22:6n-3 | 11.99 ± 0.92 | 12.10 ± 0.53 | |
SFA | 25.68 ± 0.22 | 24.63 ± 0.17 | ** |
MUFA | 34.06 ± 0.54 | 33.78 ± 0.49 | |
PUFA | 40.26 ± 0.74 | 41.58 ± 0.36 | |
n-3 | 21.59 ± 0.95 | 22.49 ± 0.48 | |
n-6 | 18.67 ± 0.24 | 19.10 ± 0.34 | |
n-3/n-6 | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 1.18 ± 0.04 |
Diet | CAT Activity (nmol min−1 100 mg−1) * | SOD Activity (U 100 mg−1) ** |
---|---|---|
CT | 3.63 ± 0.32 | 0.188 ± 0.18 |
SC 10 | 4.10 ± 0.58 | 0.154 ± 0.040 |
Intestine Tract | Diet | Total Alkaline Protease | Trypsin | Chymotrypsin | Leucine Aminopeptidase | Alkaline Phosphatase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PI | CT | 618.8 ± 27.9 a | 1.66 ± 0.31 | 8.31 ± 0.64 | 0.16 ± 0.01 b | 15.8 ± 1.2 |
PI | SC 10 | 713.9 ± 55.3 b | 1.90 ± 0.04 | 8.21 ± 0.63 | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 15.1 ± 1.7 |
DI | CT | 673.8 ± 41.9 a | 2.17 ± 0.20 | 9.85 ± 0.04 b | 0.27 ± 0.04 b | 13.35 ± 1.67 |
DI | SC 10 | 771.5 ± 25.7 b | 2.01 ± 0.38 | 7.18 ± 0.26 a | 0.11 ± 0.02 a | 11.84 ± 1.11 |
Intestine Tract | Diet | Microvilli Length (µm) | Microvilli Diameter (µm) | Apical Absorption Surface per µm2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
PI | CT | 2.40 ± 0.02 b | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 65.42 ± 0.67 |
PI | SC 10 | 2.32 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 66.09 ± 0.50 |
DI | CT | 3.48 ± 0.03 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 65.87 ± 0.63 a |
DI | SC 10 | 2.97 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 74.42 ± 0.52 b |
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Bongiorno, T.; Foglio, L.; Proietti, L.; Vasconi, M.; Lopez, A.; Pizzera, A.; Carminati, D.; Tava, A.; Vizcaíno, A.J.; Alarcón, F.J.; et al. Microalgae from Biorefinery as Potential Protein Source for Siberian Sturgeon (A. baerii) Aquafeed. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218779
Bongiorno T, Foglio L, Proietti L, Vasconi M, Lopez A, Pizzera A, Carminati D, Tava A, Vizcaíno AJ, Alarcón FJ, et al. Microalgae from Biorefinery as Potential Protein Source for Siberian Sturgeon (A. baerii) Aquafeed. Sustainability. 2020; 12(21):8779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218779
Chicago/Turabian StyleBongiorno, Tiziana, Luciano Foglio, Lorenzo Proietti, Mauro Vasconi, Annalaura Lopez, Andrea Pizzera, Domenico Carminati, Aldo Tava, Antonio Jesús Vizcaíno, Francisco Javier Alarcón, and et al. 2020. "Microalgae from Biorefinery as Potential Protein Source for Siberian Sturgeon (A. baerii) Aquafeed" Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218779