Postcollection Separation of Plastic Recycling and Design-For-Recycling as Solutions to Low Cost-Effectiveness and Plastic Debris
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Facts and Figures
2.1. Plastic Recycling in the Netherlands
2.2. Cost-Effectiveness of Plastic Recycling vs. Incineration
2.3. Recycling as a Pathway to Plastic Debris in the Ocean
3. How to Bring about Less Plastic Debris and a More Cost-Effective System
3.1. Postseparation Is a Serious Alternative Resulting in Better Quality of Separated Plastics
3.2. Postseparation Leads to Lower Costs as Well
3.3. Design-For-Recycling
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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System | 2013 | 2014 |
---|---|---|
Kerbside | 32% | 28% |
Kerbside and drop-off | 24% | 23% |
Drop-off | 22% | 18% |
Post | 11% | 11% |
Post and kerbside | 4% | 7% |
Post, kerbside, and drop-off | 4% | 7% |
Post and drop-off | 1% | 4% |
Plastic Polymer, etc. | Tonne | Share | Effectiveness of Recycling | Destination |
---|---|---|---|---|
PET 90/10 | 172 | 4% | High | Netherlands |
PET trays | 81 | 2% | Complex | Netherlands |
HDPE | 185 | 4% | Complex, HDPE bottles, high | Netherlands |
LDPE | 497 | 11% | Poor | Netherlands |
PP | 275 | 6% | Potentially High | Netherlands |
Mixed plastics | 1279 | 28% | Very Poor | Germany |
Beverage cartons | 229 | 5% | Poor | n.a. |
Tin | 312 | 7% | High | n.a. |
Aluminium | 86 | 2% | High | n.a. |
Residue | 1431 | 31% | Incinerator | n.a. |
Country | Tonne | Share |
---|---|---|
China | 52,342 | 34% |
Germany | 25,016 | 16% |
Belgium | 24,001 | 16% |
India | 9923 | 6% |
United Kingdom | 6908 | 4% |
France | 6673 | 4% |
Hong Kong | 6018 | 4% |
Italy | 3813 | 2% |
Turkey | 3300 | 2% |
Viet Nam | 2850 | 2% |
Poland | 1958 | 1% |
Other Europe | 6943 | 5% |
Other Asia | 1987 | 1% |
Company | Place | Province | Capacity (Kilotonnes) |
---|---|---|---|
Omrin | Heerenveen | Friesland | 300 |
AEB | Amsterdam | Noord-Holland | 300 |
Attero | Wijster | Drenthe | 280/280 |
Groningen | Groningen | 140 | |
AVR | Rotterdam | Zuid-Holland | 200 |
HVC | Alkmaar | Noord-Holland | 140 |
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Gradus, R. Postcollection Separation of Plastic Recycling and Design-For-Recycling as Solutions to Low Cost-Effectiveness and Plastic Debris. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208415
Gradus R. Postcollection Separation of Plastic Recycling and Design-For-Recycling as Solutions to Low Cost-Effectiveness and Plastic Debris. Sustainability. 2020; 12(20):8415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208415
Chicago/Turabian StyleGradus, Raymond. 2020. "Postcollection Separation of Plastic Recycling and Design-For-Recycling as Solutions to Low Cost-Effectiveness and Plastic Debris" Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208415