Microorganisms and Enzymes Used in the Biological Pretreatment of the Substrate to Enhance Biogas Production: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- the possible production of useful results that can of great use further
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- decreased development of inhibitory substances because the conditions for operating are more moderated,
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- the reduced application chemicals,
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- a reduced energy input,
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- lower costs for waste deposit.
2. Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass
2.1. Lignocellulosic Biomass Composition
2.2. Cellulose
2.3. Hemicellulose
2.4. Lignin
2.5. Lignocellulose Structure
3. Biological Pretreatment
3.1. Bacterial Pretreatment
3.1.1. Microbial Consortia
3.1.2. Fluid Rumen Bacteria
3.1.3. Single Strain Bacterial Cultures
3.1.4. Pretreatment of Microalgae and Water Plants with Bacteria
3.1.5. Selection of Bacteria by Thermophilic Pretreatment
3.2. Fungal Pretreatment
3.3. Enzymatic Pretreatment
3.3.1. Cellulase and Laccase
3.3.2. Other Enzymes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Cellulose | Hemicellulose | Lignin | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hardwood | 40–55 | 24–40 | 18–25 | [22] |
Eucalyptus | 44.9 | 28.9 | 26.2 | [23] |
Oak | 43.2 | 21.9 | 35.4 | [24] |
Rubber wood | 39.56 | 28.42 | 27.58 | [25] |
Softwood | ||||
Pine | 45.6 | 24 | 26.8 | [24] |
Japanese cedar | 52.7 | 13.8 | 33.5 | [23] |
Grasses | ||||
Bamboo | 46.5 | 18.8 | 25.7 | [26] |
Bamboo leaves | 31.14 | 25.55 | 35.03 | [27] |
Bamboo stem | 43.04 | 22.13 | 27.14 | [13] |
Amur silver-grass | 42 | 30.15 | 7 | [28] |
Natural hay | 44.9 | 31.4 | 12 | [29] |
Hemp | 53.86 | 10.6 | 8.76 | [28] |
Rye | 42.83 | 27.86 | 6.51 | [28] |
Rye straw | 38 | 36.9 | 17.6 | [30] |
Reed | 49.40 | 31.5 | 8.74 | [28] |
Stalk of giant reed | 33.1 | 18.5 | 24.5 | [31] |
Leaves of giant reed | 20.9 | 17.7 | 25.4 | [31] |
Sunflower | 34.06 | 5.18 | 7.72 | [28] |
Sunflower stalk | 31 | 15.6 | 29.2 | [31] |
Silage | 39.27 | 25.96 | 9.02 | [28] |
Agro-industrial waste | ||||
Walnut shell | 23.3 | 20.4 | 53.5 | [29] |
Groundnut shell | 37 | 18.7 | 28 | [32] |
Pistachio shell | 15.2 | 38.2 | 29.4 | [32] |
Almond shell | 27 | 30 | 36 | [33] |
Pine nut shell | 31 | 25 | 38 | [33] |
Hazelnut shell | 30 | 23 | 38 | [33] |
Nut shells | 25–30 | 25–30 | 30–40 | [22] |
Coconut coir | 44.2 | 22.1 | 32.8 | [32] |
Cotton stalk | 67 | 16 | 13 | [34] |
Hemp stalk | 52 | 25 | 17 | [34] |
Acacia pruning | 49 | 13 | 32 | [34] |
Sugarcane peel | 41.11 | 26.4 | 24.31 | [27] |
Sugarcane | 25 | 17 | 12 | [35] |
Rice husk | 40 | 16 | 26 | [36] |
Barley straw | 35.4 | 28.7 | 13.1 | [37] |
37.5 | 25.3 | 26.1 | [30] | |
Maize straw | 38.33 | 29.76 | 3.82 | [13] |
Rice straw | 38.14 | 31.12 | 26.35 | [27] |
32 | 24 | 13 | [38] | |
Wheat straw | 38.2 | 21.2 | 23.4 | [39] |
43.4 | 26.9 | 22.2 | [13] | |
Corn stover | 43.97 | 28.94 | 21.82 | [27] |
37.5 | 22.4 | 17.6 | [40] | |
Miscanthus | 36.3 | 22.16 | 22.55 | [13] |
Switchgrass | 31–45 | 20–31 | 12–18 | [39] |
Sugarcane | 25 | 17 | 12 | [35] |
Sorghum straw | 26.93 | 32.57 | 10.16 | [13] |
Willow sawdust | 35.6 | 21.5 | 28.7 | [13] |
Substrate Category | Enzyme | Enzyme Origin | Conditions of Pretreatment | Effects | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pulp and paper sludge | Endoglucanase Laccase | Pleurotus ostreatus | 37 °C for 4 h | +34% CH4 yield improvement | [145] |
Sugar beet pulp and spent hops | Celustar XL | Trichoderma longibrachiatum | 8 days at 50 °C | +13–19% CH4 yield improvement | [121] |
Microalgae | Cellulase Enzyme mix | / | 37 °C for 6 h | +8–15% CH4 yield improvement | [146] |
Willow | Laccase | Trametes versicolor | 30 °C for 6–24 h | +33% CH4 yield improvement | [43] |
Palm tree stalk | Laccase | Acquired from Sigma Aldrich Canada Ltd. | 45 °C for a number of 24 h | A rise of reducing sugar concentration from 5.6 to 60% | [147] |
Pinus densiflora | Laccase MnP | Stereum hirsutum | 30 °C for 8 weeks | +14.5% lignin decomposition | [148] |
Fleshings | Lipase | Purchased from Sisco Research laboratories | A residence time of 42 days in anaerobic condition | +15% CH4 volume improvement control | [140] |
Manure | Laccase | Commercial Novozyme 51003 | / | 19.8 ± 0.4 m3 CH4 (t WW)−1) yield improvement | [130] |
Corn cobs | Cellulolytic enzymatic cocktail | Novozymes | 3 h at 40 °C | +14% CH4 yield improvement | [149] |
Butter | Lipase | Candida rugosa | 16 h at 40 °C | +84% CH4 yield improvement | [150] |
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Ferdeș, M.; Dincă, M.N.; Moiceanu, G.; Zăbavă, B.Ș.; Paraschiv, G. Microorganisms and Enzymes Used in the Biological Pretreatment of the Substrate to Enhance Biogas Production: A Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177205
Ferdeș M, Dincă MN, Moiceanu G, Zăbavă BȘ, Paraschiv G. Microorganisms and Enzymes Used in the Biological Pretreatment of the Substrate to Enhance Biogas Production: A Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12(17):7205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177205
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerdeș, Mariana, Mirela Nicoleta Dincă, Georgiana Moiceanu, Bianca Ștefania Zăbavă, and Gigel Paraschiv. 2020. "Microorganisms and Enzymes Used in the Biological Pretreatment of the Substrate to Enhance Biogas Production: A Review" Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177205