A Methodological Framework for Sustainable Office Building Renovation Using Green Building Rating Systems and Cost-Benefit Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sustainable Renovation of Buildings
2.1. Levels of Building Renovation
2.2. Legislative Basis and Other Documents for Sustainable Construction Projects in the European Union
2.3. Strategic Documents and Legislation for Sustainable Construction Projects in Slovenia
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Common Characteristics of the Green Building Rating Systems for Renovation
3.2. Methodological Framework for the Sustainable Assessment of the Renovation of Office Buildings
3.3. Characteristics of LEED, BREEAM, and DGNB for the Renovation of Existing Buildings
3.4. Cost-Benefit Analysis
3.5. Description of the Current Condition of the Office Building in the Case Study
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Implementation of Methodological Framework Using BREEAM
4.1.1. Evaluation for Sustainability
4.1.2. CBA Economic Evaluation
- Initial investment costs: These were taken from the energy audit data [62] recalculated to the present time [63] where the Baseline Scenario costs for (i) the preparation of the schematic design documentation, (ii) the construction and finishing works (including the costs for material, labor, equipment), and (iii) the implementation of organizational, so-called non-technical measures, all without VAT. The investments for the Baseline Scenario (Pass) amounted to 1.86 M€ or 289.26 €/(m2 ANHF) and for Scenario 1 (Good) to 2.00 M€ or 310.95 €/(m2 ANHF). Figure 5 shows the initial investment costs (in €/m2) for the ANHF for both scenarios.
- Energy savings: These were calculated as energy savings [62] and evaluated as operating costs, assuming a unit cost of natural gas of 0.064 €/(kW h) and electricity of 0.116 €/(kW h) including taxes and charges [62]. The total annual savings amounted to 62,796.52 € or 9.75 €/(m2 a) (ANHF). The inflation rate for energy prices is generally calculated at 4%/a. Additional savings potential such as savings from the reduction of HVAC equipment and other potential savings that contribute to avoided operating costs were not taken into account.
- The maintenance costs: These were considered as replacements for existing and worn out equipment and structures. Their calculation is based on the national rules on standards for the maintenance of apartment buildings and apartments [64]. The rules provide empirical data on maintenance costs for most building elements and HVAC systems, which represent a proportion (in %) of the investment costs of a newly constructed element or system. In our case study, an average depreciation over the lifetime of the building was considered, namely 0.33% for the building envelop and 1.33% for HVAC systems. Equipment maintenance costs include the replacement costs for active technical systems according to their life expectancy [64]: radiator valves and pumps 10 a (years), ventilation, and recovery system 20 a (years). The replacement costs are thus 41,205 € in 2030 and 57,399 € in 2040.
- Residual value: This is the value of an asset at the end of its service life and indicates the value that the owner can expect to obtain if the asset is dispositioned. In our case study, the amount of residual value was calculated by taking into account the carrying amount of the asset. The residual value for the technical system components (with lifetime of 10 and 20 year) at the end of the lifetime period was 24,651€ and represents the difference between the investment value for the new installation of the new components and their value after five years (the study period of the building is then completed). While the lifetime for envelop components is more than 25 a (years) and the residual values for these measures are taken into account as the difference between the initial investment value and the value of the component at the end of the lifetime period, they amount to 777,442 €.
- Multiple project benefits (MPB): These were included in both scenarios as: (i) higher building value: various studies have shown that a certified green building has a positive impact on the building value after non-certified buildings of 4% to 21% [38] or 100–260 €/m2 [38]. In our case study, the value of 150 €/m2 was summarized and divided by the years of lifetime; and (ii) avoidance of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions: increased energy production leads to a reduction in GHG emissions, so a reduction in CO2 per ton is considered annually. In the benefit calculations, the factors for specific CO2 emissions are summarized by Technical Guidelines [53] (0.53 kg/(kW h) for electricity and 0.20 kg/(kW h) for energy from natural gas), and the monetary value of the CO2 savings by study [38] was 10 €/t a.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LEED | BREEAM | DGNB | |
---|---|---|---|
Scheme | Operations and Maintenance | Refurbishment and Fit-out | Existing Buildings and Renovation |
Assessment system | New construction and major renovation Schools Retail Hospitality Data centers Warehouses and Distribution centers | Residential buildings Commercial buildings Retail Offices Hotels Industrial buildings Public buildings Education buildings Healthcare Residential institutions Non-standard building types Heritage buildings | Office and administration buildings Educational buildings Residential buildings Consumer market buildings Shopping center buildings Department stores Logistic buildings Production buildings Hotel buildings |
Rating and certificate level | Platinum ≥ 80 points Gold 60–79 points Silver 50–59 points Certified 40–49 points | Outstanding ≥ 85% Excellent ≥ 70% Very good ≥ 55% Good ≥ 45% Pass ≥ 30% Unclassified < 30% | Platinum ≥ 80% Gold ≥ 65% Silver ≥ 50% Bronze ≥ 35% |
LEED | |
Operations and Maintenance | cr. |
EA—Energy and Atmosphere | 35 |
EQ—Indoor Environmental Quality | 22 |
WE—Water Efficiency | 15 |
LT—Location and Transportation | 14 |
MR—Materials and Resources | 9 |
SS—Sustainable Sites | 4 |
IN—Innovation | 1 |
Total possible credits | 100 |
BREEAM | |
Refurbishment and Fit-out | cr. |
Ene—Energy | 35 |
Hea—Health and wellbeing | 22 |
Man—Management | 21 |
Pol—Pollution | 14 |
Mat—Materials | 13 |
Wst—Waste | 13 |
Tra—Transport | 11 |
Inn—Innovation | 10 |
Wat—Water | 9 |
Leo—Land use and ecology | 4 |
Total possible credits | 152 |
DGNB | |
Existing Buildings and Renovation | cr. |
SOC—Sociocultural-functional quality | 19 |
ENV—Ecological quality | 15 |
PRO—Process quality | 12 |
ECO—Economical quality | 6 |
TEC—Technical quality | 2 |
Total possible credits | 54 |
BREEAM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Refurbishment and Fit-Out | |||||
Offices/Commercial Buildings | Credits Achieved | Credits Available | R of Credits Achieved, % | Category Weights | Category Score |
Man—Management | 12 | 21 | 57.14 | 0.12 | 6.86 |
Man 01 Project brief and design | 4 | 4 | |||
Man 02 Life cycle cost and service life planning | 4 | 4 | |||
Man 03 Responsible construction practices | 4 | 6 | |||
Hea—Health and wellbeing | 8 | 22 | 36.36 | 0.15 | 5.45 |
Hea 01 Visual comfort | 5 | 7 | |||
Hea 02 Indoor air quality | 3 | 5 | |||
Ene—Energy | 10 | 35 | 28.57 | 0.19 | 5.43 |
Ene 01 Reduction of energy use and carbon emiss. | 8 | 12 | |||
Ene 02 Energy monitoring | 2 | 2 | |||
Tra—Transport | 3 | 11 | 27.27 | 0.08 | 2.18 |
Tra 01 Sustainable transport solutions | 3 | 8 | |||
Wat—Water | 6 | 9 | 66.67 | 0.06 | 4.00 |
Wat 01 Water consumption | 5 | 5 | |||
Wat 02 Water monitoring | 1 | 1 | |||
Mat—Materials | 3 | 13 | 23.08 | 0.13 | 2.88 |
Mat 03 Responsible sourcing of materials | 3 | 4 | |||
Wst—Waste | 5 | 13 | 38.46 | 0.08 | 2.88 |
Wst 01 Project waste management | 5 | 6 | |||
LEO—Land use and ecology | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0.10 | 0.00 |
Pol—Pollution | 3 | 14 | 21.43 | 0.10 | 2.14 |
Pol 03—Flood risk management and reducing surface water run-off | 2 | 5 | |||
Pol 05—Reduction of noise pollution | 1 | 1 | |||
Inn—Innovation | 6 | 10 | 60.00 | 0.10 | 6.00 |
Total (Baseline Scenario): | 56 | 152 | 1.00 | 37.83 |
Starting Points | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Lifetime period, t | Years | 25 |
Discount rate of investment, i | % | 4 |
Increment of the cost of energy | % | 4 |
Maintenance costs for envelop measures | %/a | 0.33 |
Maintenance costs for technical systems | %/a | 1.33 |
Energy price, natural gas | €/(kW h) | 0.064 |
Energy price, electricity | €/(kW h) | 0.116 |
Baseline Scenario | Scenario 1 | |
---|---|---|
Investment [€] | 1,862,808 | 2,002,519 |
Maintenance costs [€] | 6622 | 6622 |
Energy cost savings [€] | 62,797 | 62,797 |
NPV0,f—25 years [€] | −205,264.52 | −344,975.72 |
NPV0,f—25 years [€/m2] | −31.87 | −53.57 |
MPB—at end of lifetime period | 966,000 | 966,000 |
MPB—annually | 2109 | 2109 |
NPV0,e—25 years | 203,747.71 | 64,036.51 |
NPV0,e—25 years [€/m2] | 31.64 | 9.94 |
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Šuman, N.; Marinič, M.; Kuhta, M. A Methodological Framework for Sustainable Office Building Renovation Using Green Building Rating Systems and Cost-Benefit Analysis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6156. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156156
Šuman N, Marinič M, Kuhta M. A Methodological Framework for Sustainable Office Building Renovation Using Green Building Rating Systems and Cost-Benefit Analysis. Sustainability. 2020; 12(15):6156. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156156
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠuman, Nataša, Mojca Marinič, and Milan Kuhta. 2020. "A Methodological Framework for Sustainable Office Building Renovation Using Green Building Rating Systems and Cost-Benefit Analysis" Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6156. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156156