Enhancing City Sustainability through Smart Technologies: A Framework for Automatic Pre-Emptive Action to Promote Safety and Security Using Lighting and ICT-Based Surveillance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Smart City and Crime
- (a)
- the technology-oriented approach, i.e., platforms, applications and model;
- (b)
- the people-oriented approach, i.e., stakeholders, citizens, knowledge, services.
3. Space, Place and Crime
- Crime can be prevented by (a) a clear demarcation between public and private space, (b) eyes on the street, (c) continuous use of streets [53];
- The possibility of informal control by residents can create defensible space coupled with feelings of territoriality [54];
- Previous crimes can identify areas that are crime-prone, since offenders make rational choices and operate in areas they know [55].
4. City Lighting and Crime
5. Framework for Combining Existing Technologies
6. Discussion
7. Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Publication | Study Period | Location(s) | Results |
---|---|---|---|
[82] | 1970–1973 | Kansas City MO, USA | Sufficient lighting reduced violent crimes (−39%), robberies (−52%) and assaults (−41%) but did not reduce burglaries. Vehicle thefts increased (3%). |
[83] | 1977 | USA | There is no significant statistical proof that road lighting affects criminal activity when considering possible crime dispersion. Possibly the uniformity of lighting reduces fear of crime. |
[80] | 1980–1990 | London, UK | No changes in criminal activity were found and no changes in the feeling of safety. |
[84] | 1994 | Glasgow, UK | Verified crime reduction (−14%). |
[85] | 1994 | London, UK | Small reduction in crime and fear of crime. |
[78] | 2000 | Chicago IL, USA | Increase of crime rate in all crime categories (21%). |
[86] | 2002 | London, UK | Reduction in specific areas (−20%). |
[87] | 1974–1999 | Atlanta GA, Milwaukee WI, Portland OR, Kansas City MO, Harrisburg PA, New Orleans LA, Fort Worth TX, Indianapolis IN, Dover UK, Bristol UK, Birmingham UK, Dudley UK, Stoke-on-Trent UK | In the USA, 4 out of 8 studies show that lighting has an effect on reducing crime, the other half that it does not. In the UK, all studies show that lighting affects crime and that improved lighting can reduce crime in some circumstances. |
[88] | 2011 | Los Angeles CA, USA | Inconclusive on whether surveillance or common trust theory explain the relationship between lighting and crime. |
[79] | 2015 | England and Wales, UK | No significant correlation between crime and lighting. |
[89] | 2012–2014 | San Antonio TX, USA | Reported reduction in violent crimes in specific areas. All other crimes unaffected. |
[90] | 2019 | New York NY, USA | Index crimes reduced (−36%). |
CPTED | Lighting Parameters |
---|---|
Natural surveillance | Increased horizontal illuminance |
Natural access control | Increased vertical illuminance |
Natural territorial enforcement | Increased semi-cylindrical illuminance |
Maintenance (“broken window” theory) | Glare free |
Activity support | Good Colour Rendering values |
High uniformity |
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Vogiatzaki, M.; Zerefos, S.; Hoque Tania, M. Enhancing City Sustainability through Smart Technologies: A Framework for Automatic Pre-Emptive Action to Promote Safety and Security Using Lighting and ICT-Based Surveillance. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156142
Vogiatzaki M, Zerefos S, Hoque Tania M. Enhancing City Sustainability through Smart Technologies: A Framework for Automatic Pre-Emptive Action to Promote Safety and Security Using Lighting and ICT-Based Surveillance. Sustainability. 2020; 12(15):6142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156142
Chicago/Turabian StyleVogiatzaki, Maria, Stelios Zerefos, and Marzia Hoque Tania. 2020. "Enhancing City Sustainability through Smart Technologies: A Framework for Automatic Pre-Emptive Action to Promote Safety and Security Using Lighting and ICT-Based Surveillance" Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156142