In Vitro Study of Butyric Acid Deodorization Potential by Indigenously Constructed Bacterial Consortia and Pure Cultures from Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Cultures
2.2. Chemicals and Media
2.3. Phylogenetic Tree Construction
2.4. Bacterial Consortia Development
2.5. Butyric acid Degradation by Pure cultures and Bacterial Consortia
2.6. Effect of Environmental Parameters on Bacterial Growth and Butyric Acid Degradation
2.7. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Selection of the Bacterial Strains
3.2. Butyric Acid Degradation by Pure Bacterial Strains
3.3. Degradation of Butyric Acid by Bacterial Consortia
- (i)
- the metabolic and physiological inadequacies of one bacterial strain in the consortium are compensated for by the presence of other bacterial strains in the consortium with the appropriate complementary physiology, which are able to provide the appropriate metabolic benefit to all bacterial strains involved [39];
- (ii)
- associated metabolism, wherein one bacterial strain in the consortium take up the intermediates of the metabolic pathway released during the degradation of butyric acid, which may be toxic and which may hinder the metabolic activities, thus, appearing to protect the other constituents of the bacterial consortium from toxicity that would otherwise accrue from the accumulation of the metabolites [40].
3.4. Environmental Factors Affecting the Growth and Butyric Acid Biodegradation by Bacterial Consortium, C3
3.4.1. Effect of Incubation Temperature
3.4.2. Effect of Initial pH of the Medium
3.4.3. Effect of Initial Inoculum Size
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacterial Strains Group | Computed Bacterial Consortia Using Combinations | Consortium Designation |
---|---|---|
Top Two Best Bacterial Strains in Category 1 and Best Bacterial Strain in Category 2 [AX, SM, BC] | [AX, SM] [AX, BC] [SM, BC] | C1 C2 C3 |
Top Two Best Bacterial Strains in Category 1 and Top Two Best Bacterial Strains in Category 2 [AX, SM, BC, AA] | [AX, SM, BC] [AX, SM, AA] [AX, BC, AA] [SM, BC, AA] | C4 C5 C6 C7 |
All Three Bacterial Strains in Category 1 and Top Two Best Bacterial Strains in Category 2 [AX, SM, BC, AA, PA] | [AX, SM, BC, AA] [AX, SM, BC, PA] [AX, SM, AA, PA] [AX, BC, AA, PA] [SM, BC, AA, PA] | C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 |
All Three Bacterial Strains in Category 1 and all Three Bacterial Strains in Category 2 [AX, SM, BC, AA, PA, AS] | [AX, SM, BC, AA, PA] [AX, SM, BC, AA, AS] [AX, SM, BC, PA, AS] [AX, SM, BC, PA, AS] [AX, BC, AA, PA, AS] [SM, BC, AA, PA, AS] | C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 |
All Six Bacterial strains | [AX, SM, BC, AA, PA, AS] | C19 |
Degradation Efficiencies of Individual Bacterial Strains (%) | Mean Efficiency (%) | Consortium | Degradation Efficiencies of Consortia (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AX | SM | BC | AA | PA | AS | |||
94.97 | 52.41 | - | - | - | - | 73.69 | C1 | 100 |
94.97 | - | 78.29 | - | - | - | 86.63 | C2 | 100 |
- | 52.41 | 78.29 | - | - | - | 65.35 | C3 | 100 |
94.97 | 52.41 | 78.29 | - | - | - | 75.22 | C4 | 97.56 |
94.97 | 52.41 | - | 57.16 | - | - | 68.18 | C5 | 94.86 |
94.97 | - | 78.29 | 57.16 | - | - | 76.81 | C6 | 85.33 |
- | 52.41 | 78.29 | 57.16 | - | - | 62.62 | C7 | 99.89 |
94.97 | 52.41 | 78.29 | 57.16 | - | - | 70.71 | C8 | 55.66 |
94.97 | 52.41 | 78.29 | - | 71.57 | - | 74.31 | C9 | 63.28 |
94.97 | 52.41 | - | 57.16 | 71.57 | - | 69.03 | C10 | 75.82 |
94.97 | - | 78.29 | 57.16 | 71.57 | - | 76.24 | C11 | 71.89 |
- | 52.41 | 78.29 | 57.16 | 71.57 | - | 64.85 | C12 | 65.15 |
94.97 | 52.41 | 78.29 | 57.16 | 71.57 | - | 70.88 | C13 | 74.53 |
94.97 | 52.41 | 78.29 | 57.16 | - | 44.94 | 65.55 | C14 | 73.21 |
94.97 | 52.41 | 78.29 | - | 71.57 | 44.94 | 68.44 | C15 | 86.21 |
- | 52.41 | 78.29 | 57.16 | 71.57 | 44.94 | 60.87 | C16 | 86.01 |
94.97 | - | 78.29 | 57.16 | 71.57 | 44.94 | 69.39 | C17 | 81.31 |
94.97 | 52.41 | - | 57.16 | 71.57 | 44.94 | 64.21 | C18 | 80.79 |
94.97 | 52.41 | 78.29 | 57.16 | 71.57 | 44.94 | 67.39 | C19 | 82.82 |
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Njalam’mano, J.B.J.; Chirwa, E.M.N.; Seabi, R.L. In Vitro Study of Butyric Acid Deodorization Potential by Indigenously Constructed Bacterial Consortia and Pure Cultures from Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5156. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125156
Njalam’mano JBJ, Chirwa EMN, Seabi RL. In Vitro Study of Butyric Acid Deodorization Potential by Indigenously Constructed Bacterial Consortia and Pure Cultures from Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge. Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):5156. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125156
Chicago/Turabian StyleNjalam’mano, John Bright Joseph, Evans Martin Nkhalambayausi Chirwa, and Refilwe Lesego Seabi. 2020. "In Vitro Study of Butyric Acid Deodorization Potential by Indigenously Constructed Bacterial Consortia and Pure Cultures from Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5156. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125156