Wild Food Thistle Gathering and Pastoralism: An Inextricable Link in the Biocultural Landscape of Barbagia, Central Sardinia (Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- to document uses of wild and semi-domesticated plants for food and medicinal preparations in Barbagia di Ollolai;
- to describe the impact of local pastoralism-related practices on the use of wild food and medicinal plants in the study area;
- to discuss the possible role of pastoralism in shaping local food heritage and cultural landscapes in the Sardinian context.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pastoralism in Barbagia
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Ethnobotany of Barbagia di Ollolai
3.2. Snacking from the Wild
3.3. The Role of Pastoralism in Shaping the Cultural and Food Landscape of Barbagia di Ollolai
4. Discussion
4.1. Cardu: A Key Emic Plant Group in the Pastoral Cultural Heritage of the Mediterranean
4.2. Sardinian Cultural Heritage and Pastoral Foodsystems
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Botanical Taxon/a and Family | Recorded Local Name | Parts Used | Food Use | Medicinal Use | Teti n = 15 | Lodine n = 15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allium subhirsutum L. (Amaryllidaceae) UNISGSAR003 | Gusathu (L) | Bulb and Aerial parts | Seasoning (for sausage) | 14 | ||
Allium triquetrum L. (Amaryllidaceae) UNISGSAR010 | S’apara (T, L) | Bulb and Aerial parts | Boiled and stir-fried | 1 | ||
S’erbutzu | 12 | |||||
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae) | S’alinu (L) | Leaves | To allow foot transpiration (to be put in the shoes) | 1 | ||
Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. (Apiaceae) UNISGSAR012 | Su lau (T); Su benale (L) | Aerial parts | Raw in salads | 11 | 15 | |
S’erbutzu | 7 | |||||
Arbutus unedo L. (Ericaceae) | Sa mela e lidone (T, L); Su lidone (L) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 7 | 6 | |
Jam | 7 | |||||
Liquor | 3 | 1 | ||||
Asparagus acutifolius L. (Asparagaceae) UNISGSAR015 | Sparau (T); S’isparagu (L) | Stems | Omelets | 14 | 2 | |
Boiled with eggs | 12 | 5 | ||||
Cooked with pasta | 3 | 1 | ||||
Boiled and then put in salad | 2 | 1 | ||||
Frittelle | 3 | |||||
Preserved with olive oil | 1 | 4 | ||||
Asphodelus ramosus L. (Asphodelaceae) | S’iscraria (L) | Tubers | Poultice of pressed tubers to treat pimples | 4 | ||
Beta vulgaris L. (Amaranthaceae) UNISGSAR016 | S’eda (T); Sa veda (L) | Aerial parts | Stir-fried | 8 | 2 | |
Boiled and then put in salad | 5 | 1 | ||||
Ravioli filling | 1 | 3 | ||||
Soup | 1 | 2 | ||||
Omelets | 1 | 5 | ||||
Borago officinalis L. (Boraginaceae) | Sa mata de sa sucuridda (T) | Omelets | 1 | |||
Castanea sativa L. (Fagaceae) | Castanza (T); Hastanza (L) | Fruits | Dried and smoked | 4 | 4 | |
Sundried | 4 | 5 | ||||
Baked | 1 | |||||
Roasted | 1 | |||||
Boiled | 2 | |||||
Chondrilla juncea L. (Asteraceae) UNISGSAR013 | S’erba lattosa (L) | Leaves | Boiled and stir-fried | 3 | ||
Raw in salad | 3 | |||||
Mixed soup (S’erbutzu) | 3 | |||||
Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) UNISGSAR020 | Cicoria (T), Sicoria (T), Zicoria (L) | Aerial parts | Raw in salad | 13 | 3 | |
Mixed soup (S’erbutzu) | 2 | |||||
Boiled and stir-fried | 6 | 1 | ||||
Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) | Convolvolo (T) | Shoots | Boiled and then put in salad | 1 | ||
Omelets | 1 | |||||
Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae) | Ninzole (T, L) | Fruits | Dessert | 6 | 11 | |
Oil for dessert | 1 | |||||
Raw as a snack | 4 | |||||
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. (Rosaceae) UNISGSAR022 | Calavrighe (T), Calavie (L) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 4 | 4 | |
Infusion as a depurative | 1 | |||||
Liquor | 1 | |||||
Thorns | Fomentation to treat a bad tooth | 1 | ||||
Crepis vesicaria L. (Asteraceae) UNISGSAR002 | Cicoria (T), Sicoria (T), Zicoria (L) | Aerial parts | Raw in salad | 13 | 3 | |
Mixed soup (S’erbutzu) | 2 | |||||
Boiled and stir-fried | 6 | 1 | ||||
Crocus minimus Redouté (Iridaceae) | Zafaranu agreste (T) | Ravioli filling | 1 | |||
Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) | Mela chidonza (T), Sa mela ’e donza (L) | Fruits | Dried | 1 | ||
Boiled with sugar to treat flu | 1 | |||||
Liquor | 1 | |||||
Boiled | 3 | |||||
Cooked in ash | 2 | |||||
Jam | 1 | 4 | ||||
Digitalis purpurea L. (Plantaginaceae) | Sa poddigale (T) | Flower | Sucked as a snack | 9 | ||
Diplotaxis spp. (Brassicaceae) UNISGSAR027 | Rucola (L) | Leaves | Raw in salad | 4 | 3 | |
Pizza topping | 1 | |||||
Euphorbia spp. possibly including E. characias L. (Euphorbiaceae) | S’erva e Santu Franziscu (L) | Sap | Locally applied to treat the skin (warts) | 2 | ||
Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) | Fichi | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 8 | ||
Dried as a seasoning (for pork sanguinaccio) | 4 | |||||
Jam | 4 | |||||
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) UNISGSAR029 | Fenucheddu burdu (T); S’inucru agreste (L); S’enucru (L) | Aerial parts | Soup | 4 | 4 | |
Seasoning | 1 | 4 | ||||
Frittelle | 1 | 2 | ||||
Boiled | 1 | |||||
Infusion as a diuretic | 1 | |||||
Seeds | Seasoning (for sausage) | 1 | 8 | |||
Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don (Asteraceae) UNISGSAR032 | S’erva du Santu Zubanne (L) | Aerial parts | Poultice to treat warts | 2 | ||
Hypochaeris radicata L. (Asteraceae) UNISGSAR033 UNISGSAR009 | S’ortezone (T), Su gurtezone (L) | Aerial parts | Raw in salad | 4 | ||
Mixed soup (S’erbutzu) | 9 | |||||
Cozzoniddu (T) | Part of the stem | Raw as a snack | 1 | |||
Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) | Nughe (T); Nue (L) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 8 | ||
Dessert | 6 | 9 | ||||
Liquor | 1 | 2 | ||||
Gnocchi | 1 | |||||
Lathyrus spp. L. (Leguminosae) | Sa bizzuledda (T), Su ghirthalu (L) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 4 | 2 | |
Flower | Sucked as a snack | 6 | ||||
L. articulatus L. UNISGSAR007 | ||||||
L. latifolius L. UNISGSAR036 | ||||||
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) UNISGSAR011 | Su laru (T) | Leaves | Seasoning | 2 | 1 | |
Infusion as an expectorant | 1 | |||||
Infusion to treat menstruation pain | 1 | |||||
Malus spp. (Rosaceae) | Mele (T, L) | Fruits | Raw | 5 | 4 | |
Sa pilarda | 5 | |||||
Jam | 6 | |||||
Malva sylvestris L. (Malvaceae) UNISGSAR014 | Sa navrighedda (T); Sa marma, sa marmachedda (L), Sa marmarutza (L) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 7 | ||
Leaves (sometimes dried) | Soup | 1 | 3 | |||
Boiled and then put in salad | 2 | |||||
Infusion to treat abdominal pain | 10 | 7 | ||||
Infusion to disinfect | 3 | 5 | ||||
Infusion to treat flu | 4 | |||||
Poultice with pork fat to treat infections | 4 | |||||
Poultice to treat toothache | 5 | |||||
Infusion locally applied to treat the eyes | 5 | |||||
Infusion to treat canker sores | 4 | |||||
Infusion to treat bad breath | 1 | |||||
Infusion to treat constipation | 8 | |||||
Poultice to treat burns | 3 | |||||
For washing hair | 2 | |||||
Fomentation to treat flu | 1 | |||||
Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) UNISGSAR023 | Camomilla (T, L) | Aerial parts | Infusion to treat abdominal pain | 8 | ||
Infusion as a tranquilizer | 1 | |||||
Infusion to treat the eyes | 1 | 1 | ||||
Infusion to induce sleep | 1 | |||||
To treat stomach pain | 4 | |||||
Mentha spp. (Lamiaceae) M. aquatica L. UNISGSAR021 | S’amenta (T, L), Sa menta agreste (L) | Leaves | Seasoning (fava beans) | 5 | 1 | |
Ravioli filling | 2 | |||||
Liquor | 1 | |||||
M. arvensis L. UNISGSAR017 | Seasoning (sanguinaccio, especially sheep) | 7 | ||||
M. x piperita L. UNISGSAR026 | Fomentation to treat toothache | 3 | ||||
Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) UNISGSAR019 | Su puleu (T, L) | Aerial parts | Seasoning (for sanguinaccio and pork meat) | 9 | 9 | |
Morus alba L., Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) | Sa murighessa (T, L) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 6 | 6 | |
Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae) UNISGSAR028 | Sa murta (T, L) | Fruits | Liquor | 5 | 1 | |
Raw as a snack | 4 | |||||
Seasoning | 1 | 6 | ||||
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (Brassicaceae) | Su nastrutzu (T); Su martutzu (L) | Aerial parts | Raw in salad (with some cheese) | 11 | 8 | |
Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. (Apiaceae) | S’urulia (T); S’ungra, S’ungredda (L) | Aerial parts | Mixed soup (S’erbutzu) | 14 | 15 | |
Boiled and then put in salad | 1 | |||||
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae) | Figu moriscu (T) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 1 | ||
Dessert | 1 | |||||
Oxalis spp. (Oxalidaceae) | Campanelle (L) | Flower | Sucked as a snack | 1 | ||
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (Apiaceae) | Perdusemmene (T, L) | Aerial parts | To treat constipation | 2 | 1 | |
Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae) | Matafalua (T) | Seeds | Seasoning (sausages and dessert) | 1 | ||
Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) | Listincu (T), Lentisco (T, L) | Fruits | To make oil | 5 | ||
Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) | Erba procreddina (T) | Aerial parts | Raw in salad | 1 | ||
Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) | Su piricocco (T) | Fruits | Dried | 2 | ||
Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) | S’eresia (L) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 3 | 5 | |
Jam | 4 | |||||
Infused with alcohol | 3 | |||||
Preserved with sugar | 1 | |||||
Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae) | Pruni (T) | Fruits | Raw | 7 | ||
Sa pilarda | 5 | |||||
Prunus amygdalus Batsch (Rosaceae) | Sa menduledda (T), S’amendula (L) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 1 | 2 | |
Dessert | 2 | |||||
Confetto | 1 | |||||
Prunus prostrata Labill. (Rosaceae) | Prunitza (L) | Berries | Liquor | 3 | ||
Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae) | Sa prunischedda (T, L) | Fruits | Raw as a snack | 2 | 1 | |
Pyrus spp. (Rosaceae) | Sa pira, Su pirastru (T); Sa piracra, Sa pire (L) | Fruits | Raw | 13 | 6 | |
Sa pilarda | 5 | 4 | ||||
Liquor | 1 | |||||
Preserved with water and vinegar (en cuffetu) | 9 | |||||
Jam | 4 | |||||
Preserved with alcohol | 3 | |||||
Baked | 1 | |||||
Boiled | 3 | |||||
Quercus spp. (Fagaceae) | Quercia | Phloem | As a plaster to treat the skin (especially the feet) | 5 | ||
Leaves | Boiled as a poultice to treat warts | 4 | ||||
Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Brassicaceae) UNISGSAR035 | S’ambularza (T); S’ermulantza (L) | Aerial parts | Boiled and stir-fried | 7 | 1 | |
Omelets | 4 | |||||
Mixed soup (S’erbutzu) | 8 | 4 | ||||
R. raphanistrum subsp. landra (Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier and Layens UNISGSAR001 | ||||||
Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth (Asteraceae) | Sa mamalucca (L) | Aerial parts | Raw in salad | 1 | ||
Soup | 3 | |||||
Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) UNISGSAR034 | Sa rosa burda (T) Pisaliddu (fruit, T), Sa rosa agreste | Fruits | Liquor | 5 | ||
Good for the kidneys | 1 | |||||
Raw as a snack | 2 | |||||
Rubus ulmifolius Schott (Rosaceae) UNISGSAR030 | Sa mura (T), S’orrubu (T), S’amura (L) | Shoots | Omelets | 1 | ||
Fruits | Raw as a snack | 6 | 7 | |||
Liquor | 1 | |||||
Jam | 1 | 8 | ||||
Dessert | 1 | |||||
Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae) UNISGSAR025 | Sa mariola (T); Sa melacra (L) | Leaves | Raw as a snack | 11 | 11 | |
Rumex pulcher L. (Polygonaceae) UNISGSAR037 | Su lampartzu (T); Su lampathu (L) | Aerial parts | Mixed Soup (S’erbutzu) | 12 | 15 | |
Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae) UNISGSAR038 | Sa salvia (T, L) | Seasoning | 3 | |||
Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (Lamiaceae) | Rosmarino (T, L) | Seasoning | 1 | 4 | ||
Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae) | Sambucu (T); Samuhu (L) | Flowers | Poultice to treat bronchitis in children | 4 | ||
Poultice to treat the eyes | 4 | |||||
Poultice to treat the joints | 4 | |||||
Infusion to treat abdominal pain | 3 | |||||
Infusion to treat headache | 3 | |||||
Frittelle | 1 | |||||
Berries | Liquor | 1 | ||||
Scrophularia trifoliata L. (Scrophulariaceae) UNISGSAR005a UNISGSAR005b | No name | Flower | Sucked as a snack | 2 | 3 | |
Sedum spp. possibly including S. dasyphyllum L. (Crassulaceae) UNISGSAR004 | Erba di Santa Maria (L) | Leaves | Plaster to treat the skin | 2 | ||
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae) UNISGSAR040 | Su crapicheddu (T); S’apricheddu (L) | Aerial parts | Mixed Soup (S’erburtzu) | 13 | 8 | |
Raw in salad | 1 | |||||
Frittelle | 1 | |||||
Seeds | Seeds on ash and then inhaled to treat toothache | 4 | ||||
Smyrnium perfoliatum L. (Apiaceae) UNISGSAR006 | No name | Root | Raw as a snack | 2 | ||
Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. (Asteraceae) UNISGSAR043 | Graminzone (L) | Aerial parts | Soup | 4 | ||
Thymus herba-barona Loisel. (Lamiaceae) UNISGSAR039 | S’armidda (T, L) | Aerial parts | Seasoning (for sanguinaccio or goat/sheep meat) | 7 | 15 | |
Urtica spp. (Urticaceae) Urtica atrovirens Req. ex Loisel. | Sa pistiolu (T); Su pistiori (L) | Leaves | For washing hair | 5 | 5 | |
Boiled and then put in salad | 7 | |||||
Infusion to treat canker sores | 4 | |||||
UNISGSAR041 | Infusion to treat stomach ache | 5 | ||||
Infusion to treat abdominal pain | 5 | |||||
Infusion as a depurative for the kidneys | 4 | |||||
Vinca difformis subsp. sardoa Stearn (Apocynaceae) | Pruinca (L) | Leaves | Poultice to treat bronchitis in children | 2 | ||
N.D. Lichen | Sa pedda ’e arbole | Aerial parts | Locally applied as a hemostatic | 4 |
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Botanical Taxa | Recorded Local Name | Parts Used | Food Use | Teti n = 15 | Lodine n = 15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carduus pycnocephalus L. UNISGSAR018 Carlina acaulis L. Carlina corymbosa L. Cynara cardunculus L. UNISGSAR024 Galactites tomentosa Moench Scolymus hispanicus L. UNISGSAR042 | (g)ardu molentinu (T, L) | Tubers and Stems | Raw as a snack | 10 | 12 |
Buds | Preserved with olive oil | 1 | 2 | ||
gardu pisiau (L) | Stems | Raw as a snack | 8 | ||
gardu pintu (L) | Roots | Raw as a snack | 3 | ||
gardu anzolinu (L) | Roots | Raw as a snack | 5 | ||
gardu biancu (L) | Stems | Raw as a snack | 3 | ||
gardu varju (L) | Stems | Preserved with olive oil | 4 | ||
gardu mele (L) | Stems | Raw as a snack | 1 | ||
(g)ardu gureu (T, L) | Stems and roots | Raw as a snack | 4 | 5 | |
Sa chimma (T); gardu cuccu (L) | Stems | Raw as a snack | 14 | 11 | |
Soup | 2 |
Taxa | Local Name | Site | Use | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carduus pycnocephalus L. (Asteraceae) | Gardu pissianculu | Dorgali | F: Raw stems | Camarda (1990) |
Carlina corymbosa L. (Asteraceae) | Gardu anzoninu | Dorgali | V: As fodder | Camarda (1990) |
Chamaeleon gummifer (L.) Cass. (Asteraceae) | Gardu prantarittunu | Dorgali | V: Melliferous | Camarda (1990) |
V: As fodder | Camarda (1990) | |||
Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. (Asteraceae) | Cardu santu | Laconi | M: The whole plant before flowering is a perspirant | Ballero et al. (1997) |
M: The whole plant before flowering is an anti-catarrhal | Ballero et al. (1997) | |||
M: The whole plant before flowering is a diuretic | Ballero et al. (1997) | |||
Cirsium scabrum (Poir.) Bonnet and Barratte (Asteraceae) | Gardu ’e vrunzu | Dorgali | F: Raw stems | Camarda (1990) |
Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae) | Cadru gureu | Santadi | F: Liquors | Capriola (unpublished) |
F: Tender stems and inflorescences are blanched and preserved with olive oil | Capriola (unpublished) | |||
F: Soups | Capriola (unpublished) | |||
Canciofa | Fluminimaggiore | M: Decoction of the whole plant for liver health | Ballero et al. (2001) | |
Laconi | M: Root infusion for jaundice | Ballero et al. (1997) | ||
M: Leaf decoction for liver colic | Ballero et al. (1997) | |||
Cancioffa | Sarrabus | M: Leaf decoction as a blood depurative | Palmese et al. (2001) | |
M: Leaf decoction as a hypocholesterolaemizant | Palmese et al. (2001) | |||
Cardu | Arzana | M: Stem infusion as an intestinal antispasmodic | Ballero et al. (1994) | |
M: Stem infusion as a digestive | Ballero et al. (1994) | |||
Villagrande Straisaili | M: Leaf infusion for liver health | Loi et al. (2004) | ||
Villagrande Straisaili | M: Stalk decoction for digestion | Loi et al. (2004) | ||
Cardureu | Gesturi | M: Leaf decoction as a choleretic | Loi et al. (2002) | |
M: Leaf decoction as a diuretic | Loi et al. (2002) | |||
M: Leaf decoction for liver health | Loi et al. (2002) | |||
M: Leaf decoction for jaundice | Loi et al. (2002) | |||
Gardu leu | Dorgali | F: Young leaves in omelets | Camarda (1990) | |
V: As fodder | Camarda (1990) | |||
Gardu reju | Orune | F: Young inflorescences boiled | Lancioni et al. (2007) | |
F: Young inflorescences eaten raw | Lancioni et al. (2007) | |||
F: Infused in alcohol | Lancioni et al. (2007) | |||
M: Root decoction as a diuretic | Lancioni et al. (2007) | |||
Dipsacus ferox Loisel (Caprifoliaceae) | Cadru ‘e pastori | Santadi | F: Raw or blanched | Capriola (unpublished) |
Gardu cannella | Orune | F: Young inflorescences eaten raw | Lancioni et al. (2007) | |
Dipsacus fullonum L. (Caprifoliaceae) | Cardu aresti | Laconi | M: Root infusion for diseases | Ballero et al. (1997) |
M: Water harvested on the plant to treat red spots on the skin | Ballero et al. (1997) | |||
Campidano | M: Leaf and root decoction as a digestive | Bruni et al. (1997) | ||
Eryngium campestre L. (Apiaceae) | Cardu tingiosu | Laconi | M: Decoction of non-lignified root contributes to chloride elimination | Bruni et al. (1997) |
M: Decoction of non-lignified root helps to reabsorb edema | Bruni et al. (1997) | |||
M: Decoction of non-lignified root is a diuretic against calculi | Bruni et al. (1997) | |||
Eryngium maritimum L. (Apiaceae) | Cadru de mari | Sarrabus | M: Root decoction as a spasmolytic | Palmese et al. (2003) |
M: Root decoction for colic | Palmese et al. (2003) | |||
Galactites tomentosus Moench (Asteraceae) | Cadru piscia | Santadi | F: Stems raw or blanched | Capriola (unpublished) |
Gardu pintu | Orune | F: Young inflorescences eaten raw | Lancioni et al. (2007) | |
Dorgali | V: Melliferous | Camarda (1990) | ||
V: As fodder | Camarda (1990) | |||
Onopordum illyricum L. (Asteraceae) | Gardu aininu | Orune | F: Young inflorescences eaten raw | Lancioni et al. (2007) |
Scolymus hispanicus L. (Asteraceae) | Gardu mele | Dorgali | V: Melliferous | Camarda (1990) |
V: As fodder | Camarda (1990) | |||
F: Stems and roots eaten raw | Camarda (1990) | |||
Orune | F: Young inflorescences eaten raw | Lancioni et al. (2007) | ||
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner. (Asteraceae) | Cadru mulenti | Santadi | F: Stems raw or blanched | Capriola (unpublished) |
Caldu asininu; Caldu di Santa Maria | Tempio Pausania | F: Young leaves in salads (boiled or raw) | Atzei et al. (1991) | |
M: Leaf infusion for digestion | Atzei et al. (1991) | |||
M: Leaf infusion for liver health | Atzei et al. (1991) | |||
Luogosanto | F: Young leaves in salads (boiled or raw) | Atzei et al. (1991) | ||
Arzachena | F: Young leaves in salads (boiled or raw) | Atzei et al. (1991) | ||
S. Teresa di Gallura | F: Young leaves in salads (boiled or raw) | Atzei et al. (1991) | ||
Telti | F: Young leaves in salads (boiled or raw) | Atzei et al. (1991) | ||
Cima de cardu | Laconi | M: Decoction of whole plant as a hypocholesterolaemizant | Ballero et al. (1997) | |
M: Decoction of whole plant against hemorrhage | Ballero et al. (1997) | |||
M: Decoction of whole plant as a perspirant for chronic pneumonitis | Ballero et al. (1997) | |||
M: Decoction of whole plant as a diuretic | Ballero et al. (1997) | |||
Gardu Iloche | Dorgali | F: Raw stems | Camarda (1990) | |
Gardu mola | Orune | F: Young inflorescences eaten raw | Lancioni et al. (2007) | |
F: Young inflorescences preserved with olive oil | Lancioni et al. (2007) | |||
M: Root decoction as a diuretic | Lancioni et al. (2007) |
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Mattalia, G.; Sõukand, R.; Corvo, P.; Pieroni, A. Wild Food Thistle Gathering and Pastoralism: An Inextricable Link in the Biocultural Landscape of Barbagia, Central Sardinia (Italy). Sustainability 2020, 12, 5105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125105
Mattalia G, Sõukand R, Corvo P, Pieroni A. Wild Food Thistle Gathering and Pastoralism: An Inextricable Link in the Biocultural Landscape of Barbagia, Central Sardinia (Italy). Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):5105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125105
Chicago/Turabian StyleMattalia, Giulia, Renata Sõukand, Paolo Corvo, and Andrea Pieroni. 2020. "Wild Food Thistle Gathering and Pastoralism: An Inextricable Link in the Biocultural Landscape of Barbagia, Central Sardinia (Italy)" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125105
APA StyleMattalia, G., Sõukand, R., Corvo, P., & Pieroni, A. (2020). Wild Food Thistle Gathering and Pastoralism: An Inextricable Link in the Biocultural Landscape of Barbagia, Central Sardinia (Italy). Sustainability, 12(12), 5105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125105