Cooling Water: A Source of Conflict in Spain, 1970–1980
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Water: A Key Resource for Thermoelectric Power Production
3. The Rise of Cooling Water as a Source of Conflict
3.1. Regional Imbalances: Plundering from ‘Above,’ Struggling from ‘Below’
3.2. The Cooling Water Argument Within Protests
3.3. Communities Against Nuclear Power Plants: Some Identified Cases
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. National Daily Press
Appendix A.2. Regional Daily Press
Appendix A.3. Regional Press Critical of the Dictatorship (Legal)
Appendix A.4. National Daily Press and Criticism of the Dictatorship (Legal)
Appendix A.5. National Counter-Cultural and Ecological Press
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Political Centralization | Decentralized State | Traditional Water Paradigm | New Water Culture | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Timeframe | Late 1950s to Mid-1970s | Mid-1970s onwards | Pre-1970s | Post-1970s |
Territorial/Water Planning | Centralized and Structuralist. Close connection State-Administration-Industrialization | Decentralized and network concept | Construction of large hydraulic works. Massive state intervention | Strategies for managing water demand and scarcity adaptation. Citizen participation |
Objective | GDP growth | Protection of the environment | Irrigation and hydropower | Sustainability |
Discourse | Center v.s. periphery Bureaucratic-industrial clusters vs. dominated territories | Autonomy to manage natural resources | Water as a productive resource | Cultural, emotional and identity values of water |
Argument | Predatory behavior | Regionalist sentiment | Water for everyone | Water forever |
Region | Nuclear Power Plant | Utilities’ Application | Pre-authorization | Start of Construction | Planned Capacity (MWe) | Cooling System | Water Supply |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ebro River Basin | Garoña | 1959 | 1963 | 1966 | 460 | OL | Ebro River (Sobrón Reservoir) |
Vadellós I | 1964 | 1967 | 1966 | 480 | OL-Gas | Mediterranean Sea | |
Ascó I | 1970 | 1972 | 1974 | 930 | CT | Ebro River | |
Ascó II | 1970 | 1972 | 1975 | 930 | CT | Ebro River | |
Vandellós II | 1974 | 1976 | 1976 | 930 | OL | Mediterranean Sea | |
Vandellós III | 1974 | 1976 | - | 930 | OL | Mediterranean Sea | |
Vergara (Tudela) | 1973 | - | - | 1000 | N/A | Ebro River | |
Sástago I (Aragón) | 1973 | - | - | 1160 | N/A | Ebro River | |
La Zaida (Aragón) | 1973 | - | - | 1160 | N/A | Ebro River | |
Escatrón I | 1974 | - | 1977 | 930/1200 | OL | Ebro River (Mequinenza Reservoir) | |
Escatrón II | 1974 | - | 1977 | 930/1200 | OL | Ebro River (Mequinenza Reservoir) | |
L’Ametlla II | 1974 | - | - | 900 | OL | Mediterranean Sea | |
L’Ametlla I | 1974 | - | - | 900 | OL | Mediterranean Sea | |
Chalamera | 1975 | - | - | 1000 | N/A | Cinca River | |
Extremadura | Almaraz I | 1970 | 1971 | 1973 | 930 | OL | Tagus River (Arrocampo Reservoir) |
Almaraz II | 1971 | 1972 | 1974 | 930 | OL | Tagus River (Arrocampo Reservoir) | |
Valdecaballeros I | 1974 | 1975 | 1975 | 1000 | OL | Guadalupejo River (Valdecaballeros Reservoir) and Guadiana River (Garcia de Sola Reservoir) | |
Valdecaballeros II | 1974 | 1975 | 1975 | 1000 | OL | Guadalupejo River (Valdecaballeros Reservoir) and Guadiana River (Garcia de Sola Reservoir) |
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Sesma-Martín, D. Cooling Water: A Source of Conflict in Spain, 1970–1980. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114650
Sesma-Martín D. Cooling Water: A Source of Conflict in Spain, 1970–1980. Sustainability. 2020; 12(11):4650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114650
Chicago/Turabian StyleSesma-Martín, Diego. 2020. "Cooling Water: A Source of Conflict in Spain, 1970–1980" Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114650