Sustainability Transitions in the Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems of Bolivian Cities: Evidence from La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Approach
2.1.1. Basic Concepts
2.1.2. Multilevel Perspective of Bolivian Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems
2.2. Study Sites
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Municipal Solid Waste Management Regulations
3.1.1. National Regulations
3.1.2. Local Regulations in La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra
3.2. Main Stakeholders and Responsibilities in Municipal Waste Management Systems
3.2.1. Government Organizations
3.2.2. Formal Private Sector Organizations
3.2.3. Informal Private Sector Actors
3.2.4. International Organizations
3.2.5. Civil Society and Research Organizations
3.3. Sustainability Transitions in Bolivian Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems
3.3.1. 1st Transition: Collection and Centralized Disposal (1940s–2010s)
3.3.2. 2nd Transition: Environmentally Controlled Disposal (1990s–~2030s)
3.3.3. 3rd Transition: Integrated Solid Waste Management (2000s–Unknown)
3.4. ISWM Elements in Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems Sustainability Transitions
4. Discussion
4.1. Convergences and Divergences in Transition Pathways
4.2. Challenges for Enabling Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems Transitions
4.2.1. Dynamics within and between Government Levels
4.2.2. Dynamics among Private Sector Actors
4.3. The Political Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems Transitions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CHARACTERISTIC | LA PAZ | SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA |
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Lifetime as a “city” |
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Economic activities |
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Geography and climate |
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Size (municipality) |
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Urbanization process |
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Municipal solid waste generation |
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MSWM organizational structure |
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MSWM operational setting |
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Informal recycling networks |
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Stakeholder Group | Organization | Affiliation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
National Government | Ministry of Environment and Water | Vice-minister | A1 |
Ministry of Environment and Water | Project Officer | A2 | |
Prefectural Government | Santa Cruz Prefectural Government | Environment Control Officer | B1 |
Municipal Government & Municipal Cleansing Enterprise | La Paz Municipality | Officer | C1 |
La Guardia Municipality | Department Leader | C2 | |
Santa Cruz Municipal Cleansing Enterprise (EMACRUZ) | Projects Officer | C3 | |
Santa Cruz Municipal Cleansing Enterprise (EMACRUZ) | Director | C4 | |
Cochabamba Municipal Cleansing Enterprise | Coordinator | C5 | |
Sacaba Municipal Cleansing Enterprise | Director | C6 | |
Potosi Municipal Cleansing Enterprise | Communications Officer | C7 | |
International Cooperation Agencies | Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) | Program Officer | D1 |
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) | Technical Assistant | D2 | |
Investors/Donors | CAF–Development Bank of Latin America | Environment and Social Risks Executive | E1 |
Non-governmental/Non-profit Organizations | HELVETAS | Specialist | F1 |
FUNDARE La Paz | Executive Director | F2 | |
FUNDARE Cochabamba | General Manager | F3 | |
FUNDARE Cochabamba | Technical Advisor | F4 | |
FUNDARE Santa Cruz | Executive Director | F5 | |
AVINA | Program Coordinator | F6 | |
AMIGARSE | Director | F7 | |
PAP Foundation | President | F8 | |
SWISSCONTACT Santa Cruz | Project Consultant | F9 | |
SWISSCONTACT La Paz | Project Consultant | F10 | |
SWISSCONTACT Cochabamba | Project Consultant | F11 | |
CIERVA | Coordinator | F12 | |
Formal Recycling Sector | BOLREC | Operations Manager | G1 |
CEDARE | Manager | G2 | |
EMPACAR | Manager | G3 | |
GRUPO DEL VIDRIO | Owner/Manager | G4 | |
Informal Recycling Sector | RED DE RECOLECTORES | President | H1 |
ARECICRUZ | President | H2 | |
RECICLA BOLIVIA | President | H3 | |
DEL NORTE | Representative | H4 | |
Private Cleansing Companies | SABENPE | Legal Advisor | I1 |
VEGA SOLVI | Head of Department | I2 | |
TERSA | General Manager | I3 | |
Industry | EMBOL | Solid Waste Officer | J1 |
Laboratorios ALFA | Regent | J2 | |
Academia and Research | Environment Engineers Society | President | K1 |
Integrated Solid Waste Consultant and Researcher | Consultant | K2 |
Policy Document | Main Contribution | Government Division in Charge | Year |
---|---|---|---|
Law 1333—Law of the Environment |
| Ministry of Sustainable Development and Environment | 1992 |
Law 300—Law of the Mother Earth |
| Ministry of Environment and Water | 2012 |
Law 755—Law of Integrated Solid Waste Management and its specific regulation |
| Ministry of Environment and Water | 2015/2016 |
Year | City | Policy Document | Relevance to MSWM system | Comment |
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1989 | La Paz | OM 065/89 | Creates the Empresa Municipal de Aseo (EMA) La Paz | |
2000 | Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Law 160-A/2000 | Creates the Municipal Cleansing Company “EMACRUZ”, to which the Municipal Government delegates the responsibilities for regulating, planning and supervising solid waste management in the city | Solid waste management is carried out by an autonomous and decentralized entity |
2001 | Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Law 030/01—Solid Waste Management | Focuses mainly on cleansing aspects and hazardous waste. | First municipal law to regulate solid waste management |
2003 | La Paz | Law 260/03—Creates the department to regulate public services provision “SIREMU” | Creates SIREMU that regulates and monitors municipal public services provision, such as solid waste management | |
2006 | Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Law 043/06—“Zero Waste” | Aims to reach “zero waste” from recyclable or compostable waste by 2017 | First municipal law adopting an integrated and sustainable approach for solid waste management |
2006 | La Paz | Law 372/06—Regulation of Urban Cleansing | Regulates main aspects of municipal solid waste in La Paz | First comprehensive regulation for the solid waste management in the city. Still valid. |
2008 | La Paz | Law 692/08—Regulation for Municipal Environmental Management | Establishes the responsibility of public education and communication about solid waste management practices | |
2010 | La Paz | Law 155/10—Integrated Solid Waste Management Municipal Program | Implements an integrated solid waste management system in La Paz | Emphasizes polluter pays principle |
2014 | La Paz | Decree 09/14—Regulation for Urban Cleansing, Waste Treatment and Waste Disposal | Broadens the scope of the approach for “Urban Cleansing” to include other components of solid waste management | Substitutes Law 372/06 |
2014 | La Paz | Law 068/14—Development Strategy until 2040 “La Paz que queremos” | Includes the axis for “Efficiency and Sustainability” to integrated and sustainable solid waste management | |
2014 | La Paz | Law 697/14—Regulation for commercialization of recyclable material | Establishes price ranges for the main types of recyclable material | |
2016 | Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Law N° 295/16—Urban Cleansing | Establishes the rights and obligations, compliance and sanctions to urban cleansing, aligned with the national Law 755 (Table 3) | Substitutes Law “Zero Waste”. Focus on “cleansing activities”. No reference to integrated or sustainable solid waste management |
2018 | La Paz | Law N° 134/18—Electric and Electronic Waste Management | Establishes a partnership with “Estas Vivo” Foundation for e-waste recycling |
Stakeholder Group | Stakeholder | Main Institutions | Dimension (Physical/Governance) | Element (Collection/Disposal/ 3Rs) | Main Role |
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Government | National Government | Ministry of Environment and Water | Governance | All |
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Prefectural Government | Secretary of Sustainable Development and Environment Secretary of Mother Earth | Governance | All |
| |
Municipal Governments | SCZ Municipal Cleansing Enterprise (EMACRUZ) LPZ Municipal Regulation System (SIREMU) Secretary of Environmental Management | Physical Governance | All |
| |
Formal Private Sector | Private Cleansing Companies | SCZ VEGA SOLVI LPZ TERSA SABENPE LA PAZ LIMPIA | Physical | Collection/Disposal/3Rs |
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Recycling Industry (Procesors) | EMPACAR (Plastics) COPELME (Paper/Cardboard) Scrap metal exporters Other smaller enterprises | Physical | 3Rs |
| |
Consummer Goods’ Producers | Drinks Industry Electronics Importers Tires Importers | Physical | 3Rs |
| |
Informal Private Sector | Waste pickers | SCZ RED DE RECOLECTORES RECICLA BOLIVIA ARECICRUZ | Physical | 3Rs |
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Middlemen | Small enterprises | Physical | 3Rs |
| |
International Organizations | Investors/Donors | Interamerican Development Bank World Bank CAF Development Bank of the Americas | Physical | All |
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International Cooperation Agencies | JICA (Japan) GIZ (Germany) SDC (Switzerland) KOICA (Korea) | Physical Governance | All |
| |
Civil society and research organizations | NGOs/NPOs | SWISSCONTACT FUNDARE AMIGARSE FUNDACION PAP AVINA | Physical Governance | 3Rs |
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Universities | UAGRM, UNE (SCZ) UMSA (LPZ) | Physical Governance | All |
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Professionals Associations | Society of Engineers | Physical Governance | All |
| |
Chambers of Industry and Commerce | CAINCO (SCZ) CANACO (LPZ) | Physical Governance | 3Rs |
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1st Transition: Collection and Centralized Disposal | 2nd Transition: Environmentally Controlled Disposal | 3rd Transition: Integrated Solid Waste Management | |
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Landscape factors |
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Regime shift |
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Niches |
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City | Aspect | 1st Transition: Collection and Centralized Disposal | 2nd Transition: Environmentally Controlled Disposal | 3rd Transition: Integrated Solid Waste Management |
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La Paz | Period | 1940s–2010s | 1990s–present | 2000s–unknown |
Milestones |
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Barriers |
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Enablers |
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Role of municipal government |
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Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Period | 1970s–2010s | 1990s–present | 2000s–unknown |
Milestones |
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Barriers |
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Enablers |
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Role of municipal government |
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Share and Cite
Lozano Lazo, D.P.; Gasparatos, A. Sustainability Transitions in the Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems of Bolivian Cities: Evidence from La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174582
Lozano Lazo DP, Gasparatos A. Sustainability Transitions in the Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems of Bolivian Cities: Evidence from La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Sustainability. 2019; 11(17):4582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174582
Chicago/Turabian StyleLozano Lazo, Denise P., and Alexandros Gasparatos. 2019. "Sustainability Transitions in the Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems of Bolivian Cities: Evidence from La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra" Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174582
APA StyleLozano Lazo, D. P., & Gasparatos, A. (2019). Sustainability Transitions in the Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems of Bolivian Cities: Evidence from La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Sustainability, 11(17), 4582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174582