The Effects of Road Access on Income Generation. Evidence from An Integrated Conservation and Development Project in Cameroon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis of Household Incomes
3.2. Impact Analysis of Road Access on Household Incomes
3.3. Perception of Road Impacts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Number (n) and Percentage (%) of Respondents Active in: | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop Farming | Fishing | Hunting | NTFP 1 | SEW 2 | |
Box | 185 (99) | 113 (60) | 64 (60) | 147 (79) | 73 (39) |
Face to face | 92 (93) | 71 (77) | 42 (72) | 76 (60) | 59 (42) |
Road Villages | Control Village | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | 2015 | 2016 | |
Sampled HH | 14.4% | 44.6% | 27.8% | 52.8% |
Mean HH size | 5 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.9 |
Ethnic groups | Korup (50%), Bakoko (45%), Ejagham (5%) | Korup (49%), Bakoko (51%) | Bakoko (100%) | Bakoko (100%) |
Only Primary school education | 47.4% | 60% | 80% | 81% |
Only Secondary school education | 13.2% | 21% | 0% | 11% |
Higher education | 0% | 4% | 0% | 3% |
Engagement in at least one income-generating activity | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
No. plots/HH | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
Mean farm size/HH | na | 13.2 m2 | na | 20.1 m2 |
Age HH head male <30 | 27.7% | 19.6% | 44.4% | 23.5% |
Age HH head male 30 to 50 | 27.7% | 60.8% | 44.4% | 58.8% |
Age HH head male >50 | 44.4% | 21.6% | 11.1% | 17.6% |
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Income Source | Description | Potential Inputs |
---|---|---|
Crop income | Net income from cash and food crops | Seeds, seedlings, chemicals, processing, transport, and hired labor |
Nontimber forest product (NTFP) income | Net income from plant material collected in the forest excluding values for wooden goods such as timber, firewood etc. | Baskets and bags for collection |
Hunting income | Net income from hunting and trapping including revenues from bushmeat, skins, bones, and feathers | Gun, dog, cartridges, wire |
self-employment and wage labor (SEW) income | Net income from wage labor (e.g., teacher) and from self-employment other than own farm work (e.g., shop owner, motorbike driver) | Porter, transport, goods |
Fishing income | Net income from freshwater catch using fishing baskets, crossing net, crossing hook, hooking or flying hook | Nets, hooks, lines |
Livestock income | Net income from farm animals and their products such as eggs | Animals purchased, material, feed |
Total income | Net total household income calculated as the sum of crop, NTFP, hunting, SEW, fishing and livestock income | Sum of all inputs |
Income Sources | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates | Total Income | Crop | NTFP | Fishing | Livestock | SEW | Hunting |
Age of HH head | X | X | X | X | X | ||
HH head born in village | X | X | X | X | |||
HH head is female | X | X | X | X | X | ||
HH head is married | X | X | X | X | |||
Nr. of children in HH | X | X | X | X | |||
Nr. of adult men in HH | X | X | X | X | |||
Nr. of elders in HH | X | X | X | X | |||
Nr. of adult females in HH | X | X | |||||
Hunting carried out in HH | X |
Control Village (1000 CFAF) | Road Villages (1000 CFAF) | DD Results | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | Diff | 2015 | 2016 | Diff | ||
Crop income (Std. error) | 781 (66) | 982 (94) | 201 | 514 (71) | 794 (64) | 280 | 0.222 (0.365) |
NTFP income (Std. error) | 396 (60) | 435 (105) | 38 | 264 (39) | 280 (36) | 16 | −0.652 (1.187) |
Fishing income (Std. error) | 228 (54) | 173 (50) | −55 | 131 (31) | 115 (22) | −16 | 0.481 (1.600) |
Tot. income all HH (Std. error) | 2552 (196) | 2307 (231) | −245 | 1437 (119) | 1774 (109) | 336 | 0.381 ** (0.178) |
Tot. income below median HH (Std. error) | 835 (−) | 1610 (119) | 774 | 1147 (90) | 1258 (86) | 111 | −0.224 (0.401) |
Tot. income above median HH (Std. error) | 2743 (89) | 2597 (297) | −145 | 2116 (88) | 2454 (164) | 338 | 0.330 ** (0.141) |
Control Village [%] | Road Villages [%] | DD 1 Results (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | Diff | 2015 | 2016 | Diff | ||
SEW participation (Std. error) | 100 (0) | 59 (12.3) | −41 | 50 (11.5) | 75 (6.2) | 25 | 63.4 *** (21.0) |
Hunting participation (Std. error) | 80 (13.3) | 82 (9.5) | −2 | 80 (9.2) | 75 (6.2) | −15 | −12.5 (17.5) |
Livestock participation (Std. error) | 100 (0) | 82 (9.5) | −18 | 80 (9.2) | 57 (7.0) | −23 | 24.7 (22.5) |
Decreasing (n/%) | Same (n/%) | Increasing (n/%) | No Response (n/%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sales | ||||
Sale in the village | 7 (7) | 24 (24) | 60 (59) | 10 (10) |
Sale outside the village | 2 (4) | 15 (30) | 24 (48) | 9 (18) |
Bushmeat sale | 37 (37) | 34 (34) | 8 (8) | 22 (22) |
Crop sale | 12 (12) | 56 (55) | 31 (31) | 2 (2) |
Transport costs | 19 (19) | 9 (9) | 70 (69) | 3 (3) |
Income generation | ||||
Hunting quantity | 74 (73) | 19 (19) | 5 (5) | 3 (3) |
Fear of consequences | 25 (34) | |||
Alternative income sources | 18 (24) | |||
Other | 3 (4) | |||
No response | 28 (38) | |||
Agricultural production | 11 (11) | 32 (32) | 56 (55) | 2 (2) |
Simplified sales | 12 (21) | |||
Less/no hunting | 6 (11) | |||
Farmland increase (not because of the road) | 4 (7) | |||
No response | 34 (61) | |||
Total income | 29 (29) | 22 (22) | 47 (47) | 3 (3) |
Less/no hunting | 10 (35) | |||
Expensive transport | 2 (7) | |||
Economics (exchange rate, bad price for cocoa) | 2 (7) | |||
No response | 15 (52) | 27 (57) | ||
Improved sales | 13 (28) | |||
Employment at road construction site | 4 (9) | |||
More ambition | 3 (6) | |||
Arrival frequency in the village | ||||
Visitors | 7 (7) | 6 (6) | 86 (85) | 2 (2) |
Vendors | 8 (8) | 14 (14) | 76 (75) | 3 (3) |
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Spey, I.-K.; Kupsch, D.; Bobo, K.S.; Waltert, M.; Schwarze, S. The Effects of Road Access on Income Generation. Evidence from An Integrated Conservation and Development Project in Cameroon. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123368
Spey I-K, Kupsch D, Bobo KS, Waltert M, Schwarze S. The Effects of Road Access on Income Generation. Evidence from An Integrated Conservation and Development Project in Cameroon. Sustainability. 2019; 11(12):3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123368
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpey, Ina-Kathrin, Denis Kupsch, Kadiri Serge Bobo, Matthias Waltert, and Stefan Schwarze. 2019. "The Effects of Road Access on Income Generation. Evidence from An Integrated Conservation and Development Project in Cameroon" Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123368
APA StyleSpey, I.-K., Kupsch, D., Bobo, K. S., Waltert, M., & Schwarze, S. (2019). The Effects of Road Access on Income Generation. Evidence from An Integrated Conservation and Development Project in Cameroon. Sustainability, 11(12), 3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123368