Financial Imbalances in Regional Disaster Recovery Following Earthquakes—Case Study Concerning Housing-Cost Expenditures in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Support Systems for Rebuilding Lives in Japan
2. Methods of Calculating Household Reconstruction Cost and Data Sources
2.1. Climate, Natural Features and Housing Construction Costs
2.2. Computation of Individual Burden of Recovery Costs
2.3. Seismic Risk-Assessment Techniques
2.3.1. Method for Predicting Damage Cost per Individual Household
2.3.2. Obtaining Seismic Motion
2.4. Computation of Number of Wood-Framed Houses
2.5. Computation of Wood-Framed House Reconstruction Support and Cost of Damage
2.6. Computation of Indebtedness of Individual Households
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of Indebtedness of Individual Households
3.2. Difficulties Associated with Housing Reconstruction
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sekiguchi, T. Japanese climatic divisions. Tokyo Univ. Educ. Geogr. Res. Rep. 1959, 3, 65–78. (In Japanese) [Google Scholar]
- Nakashima, T.; Okada, S.; Wakaumi, T.; Taniguchi, H.; Sato, T.; Watabnabe, C.; Minami, S. Japanese Regional Imbalance of Financial Expenditure Required for Housing Reconstruction in Municipal and Household Units. In Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, Turkey, 24–29 August 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Minami, S.; Okada, S.; Nakajima, T. Questionnaire Survey on Living Environment Evaluation of Okushiri Island; Bulletin of the Natural Disaster Science Data Center: Hokkaido, Japan, 2014; Volume 27, pp. 33–38. (In Japanese) [Google Scholar]
- FY 2008 Study Related to Act Concerning Support for Reconstructing Livelihood of Disaster Victims Questionnaire Survey Report; Cabinet Office of Japan: Tokyo, Japan, 2009. (In Japanese)
- FY 2012 Housing Starts Statistics; Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: Tokyo, Japan, 2013. (In Japanese)
- Nakashima, T.; Okada, S.; Chujo, K. Questionnaire Survey of Reconstruction Process for Residents of Okushiri-cho 1993 Southwest-off Hokkaido Earthquake Disaster Area; Bulletin of the Natural Disaster Science Data Center: Hokkaido, Japan, 2014; Volume 27, pp. 39–48. (In Japanese) [Google Scholar]
- Asai, H.; Kumagai, M.; Higuchi, S. Issues facing support measures for housing reconstruction from seismic damage in mesomountainous regions—Cases of 2000 Western Tottori earthquake and 2004 Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake. AIJ J. Tech. Des. 2010, 16, 405–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koyanagi, K.; Kawakami, M. Actual use and issues of public support project for Noto Peninsula earthquake disaster area house reconstruction—Focusing on analysis of support project for Noto hometown residences and town planning. J. Archit. Plan. Environ. Eng. 2011, 76, 789–797. [Google Scholar]
- Non-Life Insurance Rating Organization of Japan. Changes in earthquake insurance by prefecture incidental rates and household buying rates. Available online: http://www.sonpo.or.jp/news/statistics/syumoku/pdf/index/kanyu_jishin.pdf (accessed on 12 December 2017). (In Japanese).
- Shimizu, S.; Komaru, Y.; Wakaura, M.; Fujiwara, H.; Nakamura, H.; Morikawa, N.; Hayakawa, Y. Changes in risk of total house collapse due to earthquake tremors from 1890 to 2040. J. Japan Assoc. Earthq. Eng. 2016, 16, 258–273. [Google Scholar]
- Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservation: Residential Energy Standards. Available online: http://www.ibec.or.jp/ee_standard/build_standard.html (accessed on 14 May 2018). (In Japanese).
- Takai, H.; Okada, S. Interpretation of Locality of Japanese Wooden House Seismic Performance According to Climate and Natural Features. In Proceedings of the 10th Earthquake Engineering Symposium, Yokohama, Japan, 1998; pp. 3435–3438. (In Japanese). [Google Scholar]
- Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station (J-SHIS) “Stochastic seismic prediction map” . Available online: http: //www.j-shis.bosai.go.jp/map/ (accessed on 15 November 2013). (In Japanese).
- Statistics Bureau, Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: FY 2008 Housing and Land Statistics Survey. Available online: http://www.e-stat.go.jp/ (accessed on 5 May 2016). (In Japanese).
- Statistics Bureau, Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: Basic Tabulation of 2010 Census Population, etc. Available online: http://www.e-stat.go.jp/ (accessed on 5 May 2016). (In Japanese).
- Okada, S.; Takai, N. Damage Index Functions of Wooden Buildings and Reinforced Buildings for Seismic Risk Management. In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1–6 August 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Tabata, N.; Okada, N.; Takai, N. Usage of building damage function and seismic death risk function for earthquake disaster prevention: Creation of function for damage levels in wooden low-rise buildings leading to loss of life and earthquake damage prediction examples. J. Struct. Constr. Eng. 2007, 611, 39–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takahashi, Y.; Masaki, N.; Anahara, K.; Isoda, H. Seismic risk management for buildings in areas of high seismic risk. J. Struct. Constr. Eng. 2005, 591, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statistics Bureau, Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: 2009 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure Savings and Liabilities. Available online: http://www.e-stat.go.jp (accessed on 5 May 2016). (In Japanese).
- Statistics Bureau, Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: 2004 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure Savings and Liabilities. Available online: http://www.e-stat.go.jp (accessed on 5 May 2016). (In Japanese).
- Burton, C.G. The Development of Metrics for Community Resilience to Natural Disasters. Ph.D. Thesis, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, SC, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Eid, M.S.; El-adaway, I.H. Integrating the social vulnerability of host communities and the objective functions of associated stakeholders during disaster recovery processes using agent-based modeling. J. Comp. Civ. Eng. 2017, 31, 04017030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olshansky, R.B.; Hopkins, L.D.; Johnson, L.A. Disaster and recovery: Processes compressed in time. Nat. Hazards Rev. 2012, 13, 173–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nakashima, T.; Okada, S. Financial Imbalances in Regional Disaster Recovery Following Earthquakes—Case Study Concerning Housing-Cost Expenditures in Japan. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093225
Nakashima T, Okada S. Financial Imbalances in Regional Disaster Recovery Following Earthquakes—Case Study Concerning Housing-Cost Expenditures in Japan. Sustainability. 2018; 10(9):3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093225
Chicago/Turabian StyleNakashima, Tadayoshi, and Shigeyuki Okada. 2018. "Financial Imbalances in Regional Disaster Recovery Following Earthquakes—Case Study Concerning Housing-Cost Expenditures in Japan" Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093225