Does the Exhaustion of Resources Drive Land Use Changes? Evidence from the Influence of Coal Resources-Exhaustion on Coal Resources–Based Industry Land Use Changes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of the Study Region
3. Data Sources and Methods
3.1. Data Sources
3.2. Driving Factors Analysis of Industrial Land-Use Change
3.3. Selection of Driving Factors
3.4. Spatial Sampling
4. Research Results
4.1. Coal Resources–Based Industrial Land-Use Change
4.2. Factors Driving Changes in Industrial Land-Use
4.2.1. Driving Factors of Industrial Land-Use Change, 2003–2008
4.2.2. Factors Influencing Industrial Land-Use Change, 2008–2013
5. Discussion
5.1. Exhaustion of Coal Resources Improves the Land Environment Indirectly
5.2. Complexity of Coal Resources–Based Industrial Land Changes Driving Factors
5.3. Bidirectional Process of Coal Resources–Based Industrial Land Changes
5.4. Influence of Policies on the Coal Resources–Based Industrial Land Changes
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- From 2003 to 2013, the area of coal resources–based industrial land was significantly reduced with the exhaustion of coal resources. Coal resources–based industrial land was mainly converted to general construction land and forest. And some general construction land, forest, and farmland were converted to coal resources–based industrial land.
- (2)
- Factors of physical geography, location, and socioeconomics exerted varying degrees of impact on coal resources–based industrial land gains and losses during the periods of 2003–2008 and 2008–2013. From 2003 to 2008, distance to town was the main factor affecting coal resources–based industrial land gains, while altitude, distance to roads, distance to town, population density change, and fixed-asset investment per area change were the main factors affecting the loss of coal resources–based industrial land. From 2008 to 2013, altitude and distance to town drove coal resources–based industrial land gains, while altitude, distance to roads, distance to town, population density change, fixed-asset investment per area change, and GDP per capita change drove coal resources–based industrial land decreases.
- (3)
- Generally speaking, altitude, distance to roads, distance to town, population density change, and fixed-asset investment per area change were the main factors affecting the change of coal resources–based industrial land. Although the driving factors of coal resources–based industrial land gains and losses shared some similarities, the patterns of driving effects were different, and even the same factors had different influences on coal resources–based industrial land-use changes during different periods.
- (4)
- In the exhaustion process of coal resources, the transformation from coal resources–based industrial land into other types of land is the main trend. The land administration department and mine management department should make relevant plans in advance to ensure the orderly transformation of coal resources–based industrial land into other land use types. At the same time, the interests of residents around the mining area, grass-roots governments and other stakeholders need to be considered for sustainable development to occur. Although the study is based on evidence for county scale, it provides a reference for the study of land use change in hilly and mountainous coal resources-exhausted cities.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Type | Range of Variables | |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | Coal resources–based industrial land gain | Binary-categorical | 0 or 1 |
Coal resources–based industrial land loss | Binary-categorical | 0 or 1 | |
Independent variables | Physical geography factors | ||
Slope/° | Continuous | 0 to 31.83 | |
Altitude/m | Continuous | 81 to 478 | |
Location factors | |||
Distance to roads/m | Continuous | 0 to 4309.19 | |
Distance to town/m | Continuous | 0 to 7332.11 | |
Socioeconomic factors | |||
Population density change/persons/hm2 | Continuous | −1.31 to 3.05 | |
Fixed-asset investment per area change/104 yuan/hm2 | Continuous | 11.44 to 194.13 | |
Urbanization rate change/% | Continuous | −7.22 to 30.75 | |
GDP per capita change/104 yuan/ per capita | Continuous | 0.61 to 7.14 |
2013 | Farmland | Forest | Coal Resources–Based Industrial Land | General Construction Land | Water | Others | 2003 Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2003 | ||||||||
Farmland | 3009.57 | 789.83 | 36.61 | 928.09 | 129.95 | 81.86 | 4975.91 | |
Forest | 277.08 | 7998.37 | 66.82 | 847.61 | 28.17 | 281.15 | 9499.20 | |
Coal resources–based industrial land | 10.68 | 152.36 | 273.24 | 179.60 | 1.08 | 127.03 | 743.99 | |
General construction land | 158.15 | 294.90 | 109.70 | 4938.95 | 27.53 | 26.78 | 5556.01 | |
Water | 57.39 | 31.16 | 0.96 | 80.04 | 258.52 | 8.93 | 437.00 | |
Others | 4.74 | 35.54 | 0.97 | 6.32 | 0.52 | 9.55 | 57.64 | |
2013 total | 3517.61 | 9302.16 | 488.30 | 6980.61 | 445.77 | 535.30 | 21,269.75 |
Driving Factors | Model 1 Coal Resources–Based Industrial Land Loss | Model 2 Coal Resources–Based Industrial Land Gain | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Clustered Adjusted SE | dy/dx | Coef. | Clustered Adjusted SE | dy/dx | |
Slope | −0.251 | 0.402 | −0.030 | 0.005 | 0.149 | 0.001 |
Altitude | 0.930 *** | 0.236 | 0.111 *** | 0.096 | 0.230 | 0.022 |
Distance to roads | 1.938 *** | 0.158 | 0.231 *** | −0.196 | 0.466 | −0.045 |
Distance to town | 0.796 *** | 0.191 | 0.095 *** | −0.526 *** | 0.191 | −0.122 *** |
Population density change | 1.283*** | 0.355 | 0.153 *** | 0.158 | 0.599 | 0.037 |
Fixed-asset investment per area change | −1.912 ** | 0.976 | −0.228 * | 0.144 | 1.142 | 0.033 |
Urbanization rate change | −0.636 | 0.550 | −0.076 | −0.254 | 0.695 | −0.059 |
GDP per capita change | −0.594 | 1.051 | −0.071 | 0.360 | 1.308 | 0.083 |
Constant | 0.543 *** | 0.105 | -- | -0.024 | 0.239 | -- |
Number of observations | 200 | 200 |
Driving Factors | Model 3 Coal Resources–Based Industrial Land Loss | Model 4 Coal Resources–Based Industrial Land Gain | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Clustered Adjusted SE | dy/dx | Coef. | Clustered Adjusted SE | dy/dx | |
Slope | 0.219 | 0.137 | 0.049 * | 0.118 | 0.316 | 0.025 |
Altitude | 0.560 *** | 0.215 | 0.125 *** | 0.875 | 0.593 | 0.185 * |
Distance to roads | −0.835 ** | 0.414 | −0.186 ** | −0.032 | 0.314 | −0.007 |
Distance to town | 0.575*** | 0.183 | 0.128 *** | −0.686 *** | 0.239 | −0.145 *** |
Population density change | 1.054 *** | 0.165 | 0.235 *** | −0.161 | 0.244 | −0.034 |
Fixed-asset investment per area change | 1.086 *** | 0.206 | 0.242 *** | −0.003 | 0.334 | −0.001 |
Urbanization rate change | −0.110 | 0.124 | −0.024 | 0.263 | 0.259 | 0.056 |
GDP per capita change | 0.530 *** | 0.098 | 0.118 *** | 0.083 | 0.187 | 0.017 |
Constant | 0.219 | 0.056 | -- | 0.006 | 0.087 | -- |
Number of observations | 200 | 200 |
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Wen, B.; Pan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, J.; Xia, M. Does the Exhaustion of Resources Drive Land Use Changes? Evidence from the Influence of Coal Resources-Exhaustion on Coal Resources–Based Industry Land Use Changes. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082698
Wen B, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xia M. Does the Exhaustion of Resources Drive Land Use Changes? Evidence from the Influence of Coal Resources-Exhaustion on Coal Resources–Based Industry Land Use Changes. Sustainability. 2018; 10(8):2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082698
Chicago/Turabian StyleWen, Bo, Yunhua Pan, Yanyuan Zhang, Jingjie Liu, and Min Xia. 2018. "Does the Exhaustion of Resources Drive Land Use Changes? Evidence from the Influence of Coal Resources-Exhaustion on Coal Resources–Based Industry Land Use Changes" Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082698