Environmentally Friendly Utilization of Wheat Straw Ash in Cement-Based Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Investigation
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Cement
2.1.2. Wheat Straw (WS)
2.1.3. Wheat Straw Ash (WSA)
2.1.4. Water
2.2. Testing Program
2.2.1. Testing of Ashes at Different Calcination Temperatures (Phase I)
- A = average compressive strength of ash blended cubes, MPa (psi), and
- B = average compressive strength of control mix cubes, MPa (psi).
2.2.2. Testing of Ashes at Different Grinding Times (Phase II)
3. Test Results and Discussion
3.1. Micro Morphology Analysis of Wheat Straw
3.2. Phase-I (Calcination)
3.2.1. Color Change
3.2.2. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
3.2.3. Weight Loss
3.2.4. X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD)
3.2.5. Fratini Test
3.2.6. Chapelle Test
3.2.7. Pozzolanic Activity Index (PAI)
3.3. Phase-II (Grinding)
3.3.1. Blaine Fineness (Grinding)
3.3.2. Fratini Test (Grinding)
3.3.3. Chapelle Test (Grinding)
3.3.4. Pozzolanic Activity Index (Grinding)
4. Conclusions
- XRD pattern showed that silica was mostly in amorphous phase in WSA500 and WSA600, but in the case of WSA500 a high organic content was found, as revealed by its low weight loss (75.1%) and the dark color of its ash. With an increase in temperature (beyond 500 °C), the weight loss increased, and the ash samples displayed a brighter color. However, amorphous silica transformed into crystalline silica, as is evident from the XRD results.
- Chemical tests revealed that, except for WSA800, all samples fulfilled the minimum requirements of the Chapelle and Fratini tests, but mechanically only one sample WSA600 fulfilled the ASTM requirement of minimum 75% PAI at 28 days. Due to the presence of crystalline phases of silica in WSA700 and WSA800, pozzolanic reaction was not efficient enough and thus resulted in low PAI. WSA600 showed highest Chapelle activity of 453.51 mg/g and had PAI of 85.2% at 28 days. Moreover, WSA600 showed highest silica content, and consequently highest quantity of (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 = 80.16%). Hence, it can be concluded that 600 °C is the optimum calcination temperature. The resulting ash obtained at this temperature, for which agricultural waste such as bagasse is usually burnt at round 550 °C in cogeneration boiler to utilize its maximum fuel value, can become a value-added product for industry.
- After determining the optimum temperature, the WSA600 was ground for different durations (15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min) to evaluate the effect of fineness and specific surface area upon their pozzolanic activity. The ground ashes were evaluated based on Blaine fineness, Chapelle, Fratini, SEM, and PAI tests.
- From the Blaine fineness test, it was observed that up to 30 min of grinding, there was an insignificant increase in Blaine surface area of just 11% with respect to WSA before grinding, while an increase of 28%, 48%, and 68% was observed in Blaine surface area after 60 min, 120 min, and 240 min of grinding, respectively.
- The results of chemical tests showed that Chapelle activity increases with grinding time. WSA15 and WSA30 showed almost similar Chapelle activity to that of non-ground ashes. Chapelle activity increased significantly after 120 and 240 min of grinding, due to a significant increase in specific surface area; additionally, an increase of 16.0% and 20.5% was observed.
- From the PAI results, it was observed that only WSA120 and WSA240 fulfilled the ASTM requirement of 75% PAI at both 7 and 28 days, thus pointing to the fact that greater specific surface area enhances the pozzolanic properties of a material. It was also observed that grinding had a direct relation to the Blaine surface area of the ashes, and consequently its PAI. However, as grinding is an energy-intensive process, so grinding WSA for 120 min is adequate for its pozzolanic performance. Also, the SEM images of ground ashes showed breaking of coarser particles into finer particles with grinding due to the mechanical action of the grinding media, since the particle size distribution has an influence on the pozzolanic performance of cement-based composites. It is therefore suggested that, in future research, its role should be investigated. Furthermore, the role of the speed of the ball mill should be investigated.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds (%) | WSA-500 | WSA-600 | WSA-700 | WSA-800 |
---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 64.38 | 77.36 | 75.97 | 73.15 |
K2O | 8.51 | 5.43 | 3.25 | 3.87 |
Al2O3 | 2.83 | 1.53 | 1.68 | 1.82 |
Fe2O3 | 1.38 | 1.27 | 1.47 | 1.67 |
CaO | 4.12 | 3.87 | 4.34 | 5.78 |
MgO | 1.98 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.78 |
TiO2 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
LOI | 12.8 | 5.8 | 3.4 | 2.38 |
(SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3) | 68.6 | 80.16 | 79.12 | 76.64 |
Temperature (°C) | W(g) Before | W(g) After | % Ash Obtained | Weight Loss (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
500 | 30 | 7.47 | 24.9 | 75.1 |
600 | 30 | 4.22 | 14 | 86 |
700 | 30 | 4.56 | 11.8 | 88.2 |
800 | 30 | 2.55 | 8.5 | 91.5 |
7 Days Strength (MPa) | 7 Days Pozzolanic Activity Index (%) | 28 Days Strength (MPa) | 28 Days Pozzolanic Activity Index (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 11 | 100 | 15.73 | 100 |
WSA500 | 4.90 | 44.5 | 12.23 | 77.5 |
WSA600 | 7.10 | 64.5 | 13.4 | 85.2 |
WSA700 | 4.73 | 43.0 | 9.10 | 57.8 |
WSA800 | 4.85 | 44.1 | 9.15 | 58.1 |
Blaine Surface Area (cm2/g) | %Increase in Surface Area w.r.t without Grinding | |
---|---|---|
WSA0 | 2480 | |
WSA15 | 2579.9 | 4.03 |
WSA30 | 2752.3 | 10.98 |
WSA60 | 3174.9 | 28.02 |
WSA120 | 3671.1 | 48.03 |
WSA240 | 4166.6 | 68.01 |
7 Days Strength (MPa) | 7 Days Pozzolanic Activity Index (%) | 28 Days Strength (MPa) | 28 Days Pozzolanic Activity Index (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 10.9 | 100 | 15.6 | 100 |
WSA0 | 5.1 | 46.8 | 9.7 | 62.2 |
WSA15 | 6.9 | 63.3 | 10.8 | 69.2 |
WSA30 | 7.2 | 66 | 13.3 | 85.26 |
WSA60 | 7.9 | 72.4 | 14.2 | 91.03 |
WSA120 | 8.3 | 76.1 | 15.4 | 98.72 |
WSA240 | 8.4 | 77.0 | 16.8 | 107.69 |
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Memon, S.A.; Wahid, I.; Khan, M.K.; Tanoli, M.A.; Bimaganbetova, M. Environmentally Friendly Utilization of Wheat Straw Ash in Cement-Based Composites. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051322
Memon SA, Wahid I, Khan MK, Tanoli MA, Bimaganbetova M. Environmentally Friendly Utilization of Wheat Straw Ash in Cement-Based Composites. Sustainability. 2018; 10(5):1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051322
Chicago/Turabian StyleMemon, Shazim Ali, Israr Wahid, Muhammad Khizar Khan, Muhammad Ashraf Tanoli, and Madina Bimaganbetova. 2018. "Environmentally Friendly Utilization of Wheat Straw Ash in Cement-Based Composites" Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051322