A Small-Scale Event and a Big Impact—Is This Relationship Possible in the World of Sport? The Meaning of Heritage Sporting Events for Sustainable Development of Tourism—Experiences from Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Phenomenon of Sport Tourism in Post-Modern Times
2.1. Positive and Negative Effects of Sport Tourism in the Light of Sustainable Development
2.2. Heritage Sporting Events and Tourism
3. Material, Methods, and Aim of the Study
3.1. Aim of the Empirical Study
3.2. Research Design and Data Collection
3.3. Research Tool
3.4. Participants
3.5. Data Analysis
4. Results of Empirical Research
4.1. Ranking of a Sporting Event and Impact on Tourism Development
4.2. The Rank of the Sporting Event and Impact on the Host City’s Image
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents | Half-Marathon Athletes (N = 560) 210 Inhabitants 350 Tourists | Half-Marathon Supporters (N = 510) 256 Inhabitants 254 Tourists | Cavaliada Supporters (N = 818) 308 Inhabitants 510 Tourists | European Swimming Championships Athletes (N = 210) 210 Tourists | All Respondents (N = 2098) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex—Inhabitants | N = 210 | % | N = 256 | % | N = 308 | % | – | – | N = 774 | % |
Men | 139 | 66.2 | 91 | 35.6 | 85 | 27.6 | – | – | 315 | 40.7 |
Women | 71 | 33.8 | 165 | 64.5 | 223 | 72.4 | – | – | 459 | 59.3 |
Sex—Tourists | N = 350 | % | N = 254 | % | N = 510 | % | N = 210 | % | N = 1324 | % |
Men | 207 | 59.1 | 89 | 35.0 | 152 | 29.8 | 138 | 65.7 | 586 | 44.2 |
Women | 143 | 40.9 | 165 | 65.0 | 358 | 72.0 | 72 | 34.3 | 738 | 55.7 |
Age—Inhabitants | N = 210 | % | N = 256 | % | N = 308 | % | – | – | N = 774 | % |
<18 | 10 | 4.76 | 20 | 7.8 | 84 | 27.3 | – | – | 114 | 14.7 |
18–25 | 84 | 40.0 | 113 | 44.1 | 110 | 35.7 | – | – | 307 | 39.7 |
26–35 | 93 | 44.29 | 77 | 30.1 | 68 | 22.1 | – | – | 238 | 30.7 |
36–50 | 20 | 9.52 | 26 | 10.2 | 39 | 12.7 | – | – | 85 | 11.0 |
51–70 | 3 | 1.43 | 20 | 7.8 | 6 | 1.9 | – | – | 29 | 3.7 |
71 and more | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.1 |
Age—Tourists | N = 350 | % | N = 254 | % | N = 510 | % | N = 210 | % | N = 1324 | % |
<18 | 3 | 0.86 | 18 | 7.1 | 181 | 35.5 | 163 | 77.6 | 365 | 27.5 |
18–25 | 141 | 40.29 | 98 | 38.6 | 148 | 29.0 | 47 | 22.4 | 434 | 32.8 |
26–35 | 135 | 38.57 | 65 | 25.6 | 114 | 22.4 | – | – | 314 | 23.7 |
36–50 | 49 | 14.00 | 45 | 17.7 | 54 | 10.6 | – | – | 148 | 11.1 |
51–70 | 22 | 6.29 | 26 | 10.2 | 12 | 2.4 | – | – | 60 | 4.5 |
71 and more | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.2 | – | – | 3 | 0.2 |
Education level—Inhabitants | N = 210 | % | N = 256 | % | N = 308 | % | – | – | N = 774 | % |
Primary education | 7 | 3.3 | 16 | 6.3 | 49 | 15.9 | – | – | 72 | 9.3 |
Vocational education | 5 | 2.4 | 17 | 2.7 | 11 | 3.6 | – | – | 33 | 4.2 |
Secondary education | 47 | 22.4 | 74 | 28.9 | 95 | 30.8 | – | – | 216 | 27.9 |
Incomplete higher education | 36 | 17.1 | 44 | 17.2 | 60 | 19.2 | – | – | 140 | 18.1 |
Completed higher education | 115 | 54.8 | 115 | 44.9 | 94 | 30.5 | – | – | 324 | 41.8 |
Education level—Tourists | N = 350 | % | N = 254 | % | N = 510 | % | N = 210 | % | N = 1324 | % |
Primary education | 1 | 0.3 | 14 | 5.5 | 123 | 24.1 | 120 | 57.1 | 258 | 19.5 |
Vocational education | 8 | 2.3 | 7 | 2.8 | 24 | 4.7 | 35 | 16.7 | 74 | 5.6 |
Secondary education | 112 | 32.0 | 90 | 35.4 | 157 | 30.8 | 55 | 26.2 | 414 | 31.2 |
Incomplete higher education | 76 | 21.7 | 31 | 12.2 | 63 | 12.4 | – | – | 170 | 12.8 |
Completed higher education | 153 | 43.7 | 112 | 44.1 | 143 | 28.0 | – | – | 408 | 30.8 |
Employment status—Inhabitants | N = 210 | % | N = 256 | % | N = 308 | % | N | % | N = 774 | % |
School pupil (<18 years) | 16 | 7.6 | 28 | 10.6 | 88 | 28.6 | – | – | 132 | 17.0 |
Student | 62 | 29.5 | 87 | 34.4 | 81 | 26.3 | – | – | 230 | 29.7 |
Professionally active | 125 | 59.5 | 126 | 49.2 | 127 | 41.2 | – | – | 378 | 48.8 |
Unemployed | 4 | 1.9 | 12 | 4.7 | 7 | 2.3 | – | – | 23 | 3.0 |
Retired | 3 | 1.4 | 3 | 1.2 | 5 | 1.6 | – | – | 11 | 1.42 |
Employment status—Tourists | N = 350 | % | N = 254 | % | N = 510 | % | N = 210 | % | N = 1324 | % |
School pupil (≤18 years) | 8 | 2.3 | 24 | 9.5 | 192 | 37.6 | 210 | 100.0 | 454 | 34.2 |
Student | 116 | 33.1 | 74 | 29.1 | 78 | 15.3 | – | – | 268 | 20.2 |
Professionally active | 193 | 55.1 | 132 | 52.0 | 216 | 42.4 | – | – | 541 | 40.8 |
Unemployed | 16 | 4.6 | 13 | 5.1 | 17 | 3.3 | – | – | 46 | 3.5 |
Retired | 17 | 4.9 | 11 | 4.3 | 7 | 1.4 | – | – | 35 | 2.6 |
Half-Marathon Athletes (N = 560) | Half-Marathon Supporters (N = 510) | Cavaliada Supporters (N = 818) | European Swimming Championships Athletes (N = 210) | All | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of participation in this sporting event—Inhabitants | N = 210 | % | N = 256 | % | N = 308 | % | – | – | N = 543 | % |
First Time | 116 | 55.2 | 151 | 59.0 | 96 | 31.2 | – | – | 363 | 66.8 |
Second Time | 41 | 19.5 | 51 | 19.9 | 60 | 19.5 | – | – | 152 | 28.0 |
Third Time | 26 | 12.4 | 20 | 7.8 | 152 | 49.4 | – | – | 198 | 36.4 |
Fourth Time | 16 | 7.6 | 14 | 5.5 | – | – | – | – | 30 | 5.5 |
Fifth Time | 8 | 3.8 | 20 | 7.8 | – | – | – | – | 28 | 5.1 |
Sixth Time | 3 | 1.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 0.5 |
Frequency of participation in this sporting event—Tourists | N = 350 | % | N = 254 | % | N = 510 | % | – | – | N = 1114 | % |
First Time | 182 | 52.0 | 169 | 66.5 | 219 | 42.9 | – | – | 570 | 51.1 |
Second Time | 91 | 26.0 | 48 | 18.9 | 115 | 22.5 | – | – | 254 | 22.8 |
Third Time | 50 | 14.3 | 23 | 9.1 | 176 | 34.5 | – | – | 249 | 22.3 |
Fourth Time | 23 | 6.6 | 3 | 1.2 | – | – | – | – | 26 | 2.3 |
Fifth Time | 3 | 0.9 | 11 | 4.3 | – | – | – | – | 14 | 1.2 |
Sixth Time | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0.08 |
Are you going to take part in this event in Poznań in the future?—Inhabitants | N = 210 | % | N = 256 | % | N = 308 | % | – | – | N = 774 | % |
Definitely Yes | 158 | 75.2 | 147 | 57.4 | 214 | 69.5 | – | – | 519 | 67.0 |
Probably Yes | 43 | 20.5 | 82 | 32.0 | 69 | 22.4 | – | – | 194 | 25.0 |
I do not know yet | 8 | 3.8 | 27 | 10.6 | 21 | 6.8 | – | – | 56 | 7.2 |
Probably Not | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 1.3 | – | – | 5 | 0.06 |
Definitely Not | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | – | 0.0 | – | – | – | – |
Are you going to take part in this event in Poznań in the future?—Tourist | N = 350 | % | N = 254 | % | N = 510 | % | – | – | N = 1114 | % |
Definitely Yes | 207 | 59.1 | 118 | 46.5 | 348 | 68.2 | – | – | 673 | 60.4 |
Probably Yes | 108 | 30.9 | 88 | 34.7 | 128 | 25.1 | – | – | 324 | 29.1 |
I do not know yet | 310 | 8.9 | 39 | 15.3 | 28 | 5.5 | – | – | 98 | 8.8 |
Probably Not | 4 | 1.1 | 7 | 2.8 | 6 | 1.2 | – | – | 17 | 1.5 |
Definitely Not | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | – | – | 2 | 0.2 |
Population of residence (only tourists answered) | N = 350 | % | N = 254 | % | N = 510 | % | N = 210 | % | N = 1324 | % |
village | 97 | 27.7 | 75 | 29.5 | 145 | 28.6 | 23 | 11.0 | 340 | 25.7 |
city up to 10,000 inhabitants | 55 | 15.7 | 56 | 22.1 | 75 | 14.7 | 20 | 9.5 | 206 | 15.5 |
city 10–100,000 | 121 | 34.6 | 72 | 28.4 | 150 | 29.4 | 34 | 16.2 | 377 | 28.5 |
city 100–500,000 | 30 | 8.6 | 32 | 12.6 | 90 | 17.5 | 53 | 25.2 | 205 | 15.5 |
city over 500,000 | 47 | 13.4 | 19 | 7.5 | 50 | 9.8 | 80 | 38.1 | 196 | 14.8 |
Length of stay in the city of Poznań—Tourists | N = 350 | % | N = 254 | % | N = 510 | % | N = 210 | % | N = 1324 | % |
1 day | 84 | 24.0 | 85 | 33.5 | 216 | 42.4 | 0 | 0 | 386 | 29.1 |
2 days | 146 | 41.7 | 81 | 31.9 | 108 | 21.2 | 0 | 0 | 335 | 25.3 |
3 days | 62 | 17.7 | 34 | 13.4 | 93 | 18.2 | 10 | 4.8 | 199 | 15.0 |
4 days | 58 | 16.6 | 54 | 21.3 | 93 | 18.2 | 75 | 35.7 | 280 | 21.1 |
5 days and more | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 125 | 59.5 | 125 | 9.4 |
Additional tourist activity in Poznań during the participation in the Half-Marathon | YES 82.9% N = 290 | % | YES 95.3% N = 182 | % | YES 60.8% N = 310 | % | YES 71.4% N = 150 | % | N = 932 | % |
City tour—sightseeing | 201 | 69.3 | 132 | 72.5 | 176 | 56.8 | 106 | 70.7 | 615 | 66.0 |
Visit to a restaurant | 156 | 53.8 | 95 | 52.2 | 131 | 42.3 | 79 | 52.7 | 431 | 46.2 |
Shopping | 98 | 33.8 | 61 | 33.5 | 114 | 36.8 | 24 | 16.0 | 297 | 31.8 |
Visit to a sports and recreation facility (e.g., swimming pool) | 28 | 9.7 | 22 | 12.1 | 21 | 6.8 | 23 | 15.3 | 94 | 10.0 |
Participation in a cultural event (e.g., concert, theater) | 27 | 9.3 | 18 | 9.9 | 18 | 5.8 | 2 | 1.3 | 65 | 7.0 |
Visit to the museum, exhibition | 15 | 5.2 | 18 | 9.9 | 27 | 8.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 60 | 6.5 |
Other activity | 1 | 0.3 | 2 | 1.1 | 18 | 5.8 | 2 | 1.3 | 23 | 2.5 |
Tourist Activity | European Swimming Championships | Half-Marathon | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 210 | % | N = 560 | % | |
Yes | 150 | 71.4% | 290 | 82.9% |
No | 60 | 28.6% | 60 | 17.1% |
Total | 210 | 100% | 350 | 100% |
Chi-Square test result | χ2 = 10.2; df = 1; p = 0.0014 |
Tourist Activity | Half-Marathon | Cavaliada | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 254 | % | N = 510 | % | |
Yes | 182 | 71.7% | 310 | 60.8% |
No | 72 | 28.4% | 200 | 39.2% |
Total | 254 | 100% | 510 | 100% |
Chi-Square test result | χ2 = 8.7; df = 1; p = 0.0031 |
Impact on Image | European Swimming Championships | Half-Marathon | Cavaliada | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Exerts positive impact on the city’s image | 135 | 64.29% | 1020 | 95.33% | 773 | 94.50% | 1928 | 91.89% |
Exerts no impact on the city’s image | 26 | 12.38% | 33 | 3.08% | 22 | 2.69% | 81 | 3.86% |
Exerts negative impact on the city’s image | 5 | 2.38% | 1 | 0.09% | 2 | 0.24% | 8 | 0.38% |
I don’t know | 44 | 20.95% | 16 | 1.50% | 21 | 2.57% | 81 | 3.86% |
Total | 210 | 1070 | 818 | 2098 | ||||
Statistics | Statistics: Impact on image (4) × event (3) | |||||||
chi-square | df | p | ||||||
Chi ^ 2 Pearson | 266.1513 | df = 6 | p = 0.0000 | |||||
Chi ^ 2 NW | 166.3768 | df = 6 | p = 0.0000 | |||||
Fi | 0.3561735 | |||||||
Contingency factor | 0.3355264 | |||||||
Cramér’s V | 0.2518527 |
Kind of Impact (%) | Local Community/Social Integration | Local Identity | Sense of Pride | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Half-Marathon Athletes N = 210 hosts | 198 | 94.3 | 199 | 94.8 | 204 | 97.1 |
Half-Marathon Supporters N = 256 hosts | 231 | 90.2 | 239 | 93.4 | 240 | 93.8 |
Cavaliada Supporters N = 308 hosts | 199 | 64.6 | 230 | 74.7 | 256 | 83.1 |
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Malchrowicz-Mośko, E.; Poczta, J. A Small-Scale Event and a Big Impact—Is This Relationship Possible in the World of Sport? The Meaning of Heritage Sporting Events for Sustainable Development of Tourism—Experiences from Poland. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4289. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114289
Malchrowicz-Mośko E, Poczta J. A Small-Scale Event and a Big Impact—Is This Relationship Possible in the World of Sport? The Meaning of Heritage Sporting Events for Sustainable Development of Tourism—Experiences from Poland. Sustainability. 2018; 10(11):4289. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114289
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalchrowicz-Mośko, Ewa, and Joanna Poczta. 2018. "A Small-Scale Event and a Big Impact—Is This Relationship Possible in the World of Sport? The Meaning of Heritage Sporting Events for Sustainable Development of Tourism—Experiences from Poland" Sustainability 10, no. 11: 4289. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114289
APA StyleMalchrowicz-Mośko, E., & Poczta, J. (2018). A Small-Scale Event and a Big Impact—Is This Relationship Possible in the World of Sport? The Meaning of Heritage Sporting Events for Sustainable Development of Tourism—Experiences from Poland. Sustainability, 10(11), 4289. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114289