Online and Offline Representations of Biocultural Diversity: A Political Ecology Perspective on Nature-Based Tourism and Indigenous Communities in the Brazilian Pantanal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Biocultural Diversity, the Digital Age, and Nature-Based Tourism
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Theoretical Background
2.1.1. Political Ecology and Biocultural Diversity
2.1.2. Tourism and Digital Innovation
2.1.3. Representations and Myths
2.2. Methods
2.3. Context of Study
2.3.1. The Pantanal
2.3.2. Biocultural Diversity, Indigenous Peoples and the Pantaneiros
2.3.3. Tourism in the Pantanal
3. Results
3.1. The Myth of the Uncivilised: A Magical Biodiversity Hotspot
“With the ease of WhatsApp we have many environmental protection groups and this reaches a greater number of people and facilitates this type of manifestation. This type of movement is easier to organise by these means.”{i30}
“Since in the past the tourist was looking exclusively for nature and peace, today we need to keep up with the advances in technology because tourists, besides enjoying nature, always want to be connected to the outside world.”{i38}
Debunking the Myth: An Orchestrated Wilderness Experience
“When the rivers are flooded, water is everywhere, and the caimans and the capybaras are everywhere so, no animal has to go to the river to drink water, so the jaguars are, they are where the prey is. (…) In the dry season, when everything is dry and there is only water in the main streams, all these preys are concentrated (…) so all the jaguars are, of course, there as well. (…) the rainy season is beautiful but (…) you must be very lucky to see a jaguar.”{i17}
“We just realised that with radios (…) most of the jaguars would wait (…) so you could call the others and they go and see the jaguars. And so we started to use more radios to increase the sightings and improve the group experiences.”{i40}
3.2. The myth of the Unrestrained: Increasing Luxury
“There has been an evolution in the facilities, such as acquiring air-conditioning, comfortable beds, swimming pool construction and other improvements.”{i33}
Debunking the Myth: Insight into the Restraints
“A teacher in basic education in Brazil, working 40 h per week, receives at the end of the month R$2000. If you stay three days in Pantanal, you spend a month of work.”{i20}
“I need to install a system, Internet, I almost invested R$10,000 to resolve my problem, because people all the time complained that my Internet did not work. People want Internet in the room, in the bathroom, under the shower (…) it is crazy. Sometimes they do not see the room. They ask: where is the signal before seeing the room.”{i35}
“What I think what is going to happen is that some places are going to be too crowded so all people are going to try and find less crowded places in the Pantanal (…) what you see more and more ranches are turning into eco-lodges.”
3.3. The Myth of the Unchanged: The Peon as a Mystical, Atmospheric Extra
“The wetland is a place that has been little touched by man, it is living nature as it is, a refuge from nature. The Pantaneiro has a connection to preserve this nature while raising livestock.”{i18}
Debunking the Myth: Marginalised Pantaneiros
“Usually the cowboys do not like conservation (…) [they kill] armadillos because they make holes, or anteaters because they give bad luck.”{i35}
“They are doing less ranching, [less hunting, less fishing] also because now they have other activities that they did not have before”.{i40}
4. Discussion: Representations of a Simplified, Biodiverse Pantanal
5. Conclusions and Recommendations: Towards (Digital) Representations of a Bioculturally Diverse Pantanal
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scoping Interviews (n = 14) | In-Depth Interviews (n = 34) | |
---|---|---|
Environmental researcher | {i20, i23, i43, i44, i48} | |
Governmental organisation | {i15, i16, i45, i46} | |
Nature guide | {i2} | {i17, i18, i39, i40, i41} |
Non-governmental organisation | {i1} | {i26, i47} |
Pousada owner | {i19, i27, i28, i31, i33, i35, i38, i42} | |
Pousada/hotel manager | {i3, i11} | {i29, i30, i32, i34, i36, i37} |
Tourism infrastructure related | {i24, i25} | |
Tourism support staff | {i5, i12, i13, i14} | |
Tourists | {i4, i6, i7, i8, i9, i10} | {i21, i22} |
The Myth | The Debunked Myth |
---|---|
The Uncivilised | |
|
|
The Unrestrained | |
|
|
The Unchanged | |
|
|
Interactions Pantaneiros with the Pantanal | Connections to Tourism |
---|---|
Pantaneiros derive their identity in part from a ranching culture, from which nature-based tourism has evolved. | Reference to these historical roots are by and large ignored in the majority of tourism activities, or remain superficial. This may also give a skewed image of the Transpantaneira region. The latter only forms a tiny slice of the entire Pantanal in which ranching is still the dominant form of land use. |
Internet access is limited in the Pantanal; a prerogative of those who can afford it. Exponents of digital representations (e.g., WhatsApp groups, pousada websites) denote specific relationships of well-off social groups with the Pantanal. | Digital interactions and cyberinfrastructures are controlled by powerful stakeholders. Poorer Pantaneiro communities are ill-represented in digital representations offered to tourists. |
Many powerful stakeholders in the tourism sector, such as pousada owners, managers, and guides are highly educated and interact with scientists’ environmental regulators, and (international) NGOs. | Nature-based tourism along the Transpantaneira has popular-scientific associations focussed on species identification and distributions (and sometimes feeds into scientific research through citizen science apps). |
The presence of cattle in the vicinity of pousadas and trails result in halted stages of natural succession. | The open landscape as a result of cattle grazing facilitates wildlife sighting. |
Tourism supporting staff often hold traditional ecological knowledge of the Pantanal landscape, and particular views on management. | Given the marginal position of supporting staff, such knowledge and views are poorly represented and not reproduced through tourist activities. |
Peons are accused of illegally persecuting various animal species including jaguar and armadillo. Still, the current condition of the Pantanal may in part be due to the centuries long, relatively low impact ranching. | Killing of animals may reduce density and visibility of species for which tourists pay to see them. However, generally, there is little (scientific) understanding of the role of the Pantaneiros in the ecology of the area, or room for alternative views on natural resource management. |
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Share and Cite
Arts, K.; Rabelo, M.T.O.; De Figueiredo, D.M.; Maffey, G.; Ioris, A.A.R.; Girard, P. Online and Offline Representations of Biocultural Diversity: A Political Ecology Perspective on Nature-Based Tourism and Indigenous Communities in the Brazilian Pantanal. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103643
Arts K, Rabelo MTO, De Figueiredo DM, Maffey G, Ioris AAR, Girard P. Online and Offline Representations of Biocultural Diversity: A Political Ecology Perspective on Nature-Based Tourism and Indigenous Communities in the Brazilian Pantanal. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103643
Chicago/Turabian StyleArts, Koen, Maiara Thaisa Oliveira Rabelo, Daniela Maimoni De Figueiredo, Georgina Maffey, Antonio Augusto Rossotto Ioris, and Pierre Girard. 2018. "Online and Offline Representations of Biocultural Diversity: A Political Ecology Perspective on Nature-Based Tourism and Indigenous Communities in the Brazilian Pantanal" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103643
APA StyleArts, K., Rabelo, M. T. O., De Figueiredo, D. M., Maffey, G., Ioris, A. A. R., & Girard, P. (2018). Online and Offline Representations of Biocultural Diversity: A Political Ecology Perspective on Nature-Based Tourism and Indigenous Communities in the Brazilian Pantanal. Sustainability, 10(10), 3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103643