Next Article in Journal
Hallmarks of Cancer Affected by the MIF Cytokine Family
Next Article in Special Issue
E. coli Phagelysate: A Primer to Enhance Nanoparticles and Drug Deliveries in Tumor
Previous Article in Journal
Predicting Microenvironment in CXCR4- and FAP-Positive Solid Tumors—A Pan-Cancer Machine Learning Workflow for Theranostic Target Structures
Previous Article in Special Issue
Construction of an Immune Escape-Related Signature in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Identification of the Relationship between IFNAR1 and Immune Infiltration by Multiple Immunohistochemistry
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cancers
Volume 15
Issue 2
10.3390/cancers15020394
cancers-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Roles of IL-7R Induced by Interactions between Cancer Cells and Macrophages in the Progression of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

by
Yu Kitamura
1,2,
Yu-ichiro Koma
1,*,
Kohei Tanigawa
1,2,
Shuichi Tsukamoto
1,
Yuki Azumi
1,2,
Shoji Miyako
1,2,
Satoshi Urakami
1,3,
Takayuki Kodama
1,
Mari Nishio
1,
Manabu Shigeoka
1,
Yoshihiro Kakeji
2 and
Hiroshi Yokozaki
1
1
Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
2
Division of Gastro-Intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
3
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2023, 15(2), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15020394
Submission received: 26 December 2022 / Revised: 30 December 2022 / Accepted: 3 January 2023 / Published: 6 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Solid Tumors: The New Frontier of Cancer Research)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play significant roles in the progression of numerous types of cancers. We previously reported that the density of TAM infiltration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with ESCC. To elucidate the significance of the direct interaction in the ESCC microenvironment, we previously established a direct co-culture assay of ESCC cells and macrophages. In the present study, direct co-culture of ESCC cells with macrophages induced interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) expression in ESCC. IL-7R overexpression promoted ESCC cell survival and growth via the activation of the Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways. Additionally, the IL-7/IL-7R axis promoted ESCC cell migration via the Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways. ESCC patients with high IL-7R expression in cancer nests exhibited poor disease-free survival. IL-7R could be a novel therapeutic target for ESCC.

Abstract

High infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which contribute to the progression of several cancer types, is correlated with poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In addition to the previously reported increase in migration and invasion, ESCC cells co-cultured directly with macrophages exhibited enhanced survival and growth. Furthermore, interleukin-related molecules are associated with ESCC; however, the precise mechanism underlying this association is unclear. Therefore, we explored the role of interleukin-related molecules in ESCC progression. A cDNA microarray analysis of monocultured and co-cultured ESCC cells revealed that the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) was upregulated in ESCC cells co-cultured with macrophages. Overexpression of IL-7R promoted the survival and growth of ESCC cells by activating the Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways. The IL-7/IL-7R axis also contributed to the promotion of ESCC cell migration via the Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry showed that ESCC patients with high IL-7R expression in cancer nests exhibited a trend toward poor prognosis in terms of disease-free survival, and showed significant correlation with increased numbers of infiltrating macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Therefore, IL-7R, which is upregulated when directly co-cultured with macrophages, may contribute to ESCC progression by promoting the development of various malignant phenotypes in cancer cells.

1. Introduction

Esophageal cancer is aggressive, and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide [1]. According to global cancer statistics, approximately 604,100 people had esophageal cancer in 2020, with approximately 544,000 associated deaths [1]. Esophageal cancer is histologically classified under two major subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma [2]. ESCC is the predominant subtype in Asian countries, including Japan [3,4]. Despite treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, ESCC shows a poor prognosis with a 5-year overall survival rate of approximately 20% after diagnosis, mainly attributed to a high rate of distant metastasis and local recurrence caused by rapid progression [5,6,7].
Cancer tissues are composed of cancer cells and various stromal cells. The latter include macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells [8]. Cancer cells and stromal cells interact with each other within the tumor microenvironment (TME), the environment surrounding cancer cells [9,10]. Macrophages are major components of cancer stroma, and those within the TME are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) [8,11]. There are two main macrophage phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) [11,12]. Although the M1/M2 classification is widely accepted, macrophages in actual cancer patients often exhibit a mixture of M1/M2 characteristics, and the use of terms such as “M1-like” or “M2-like” has recently been considered more suitable [13]. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-13 induce M2-like macrophages [14]. TAMs exhibit M2-like phenotypes, such as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive phenotypes, in many types of cancer [15,16]. TAMs also secrete various factors that facilitate cell survival, growth, migration, and invasion in various cancers [17,18]. In fact, we previously reported that the TAM infiltration density in ESCC tissue is correlated with poor prognosis among patients with ESCC [19].
To investigate the interaction between cancer cells and TAMs, various humoral factors and their mediators have been studied via indirect co-culture assays between ESCC cells and TAMs. In addition, images of cancer cells adhered to TAMs within cancer tissues have been observed [20]. We previously established a direct co-culture assay between ESCC cells and macrophages derived from human peripheral blood monocytes to elucidate their direct interactions in the TME. Direct co-culture with macrophages promoted the migration and invasion abilities of ESCC cells. We then conducted cDNA microarray analysis to investigate gene expression changes caused by co-culture with macrophages. Among the upregulated genes, S100A8 and S100A9 were associated with poor prognosis in patients with ESCC and enhanced the migration and invasion abilities of ESCC cells via the Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways [20].
Interleukin-related molecules are associated with ESCC [21,22,23]; however, the precise mechanism underlying their role in ESCC progression is unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we focused on the upregulation of interleukin-related genes in ESCC cells by directly co-culturing them with macrophages (Table S1). As plasma membrane receptors represent potential therapeutic targets, we investigated the role of interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) because its expression was the most upregulated among interleukin-related molecules in ESCC cells co-cultured with macrophages. The results of the present study provide insights into potential therapeutic targets and prognostic factors for ESCC.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Cell Lines and Cell Cultures

The ESCC cell lines, TE-9, -10, and -11, were purchased from the RIKEN BioResource Center (Tsukuba, Japan). The original tumors from which TE-9, -10, and -11 cells were derived, were poorly, well, and moderately differentiated ESCC, respectively. Cell culture was performed according to a previously reported method [20]. All three ESCC cell lines were cultivated in RPMI-1640 (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 37 °C under 5% CO2.

2.2. Preparation of Macrophages Derived from Peripheral Blood Monocytes

Macrophages were generated using a previously reported method [20]. To isolate CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes (PBMos), human peripheral blood samples from healthy donors were labeled with anti-CD14 microbeads (#130-050-201, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and separated by positive selection using an autoMACS Pro Separator (Miltenyi Biotec). Subsequently, 1 × 106 PBMos were seeded in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS and 25 ng/mL recombinant human macrophage-colony stimulating factor (#216-MC; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in a 10-cm dish and cultivated for 6 days.

2.3. Direct Co-Culture Assay of ESCC Cells and Macrophages

A direct co-culture assay was performed using a previously reported method [20]. First, the established macrophages were washed three times with serum-free RPMI-1640. Then, macrophages were incubated with 2 × 106 TE-9, -10, or -11 cells in serum-free RPMI-1640 for 2 days. The co-cultured dish was then washed with phosphate-buffered saline (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) and treated with trypsin-EDTA (Nacalai Tesque). Finally, co-cultured TE-9, -10, or -11 cells were labeled with anti-EpCAM microbeads (#130-061-101, Miltenyi Biotec) and isolated by positive selection using an autoMACS Pro Separator (Miltenyi Biotec). Subsequently, 2 × 106 TE-9, -10, or -11 cells were seeded in separate plates and isolated by positive selection as monocultured controls, using a method similar to that described for co-cultured ESCC cells.

2.4. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA was extracted from cultured cells using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The concentration of RNA was measured using a NanoDrop Lite (Thermo Fisher Scientific). RT-PCR and qRT-PCR were performed to assess the expression levels of interleukin-7 receptor (IL7R) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA. RT-PCR products were detected by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. qRT-PCR was performed using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and detected using an ABI StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). The qRT-PCR was performed based on the comparative threshold cycle (Ct) method, as described in previous studies [19,20]. The Ct values were normalized to that of GAPDH. The primer sequences used were as follows: IL7R (RT-PCR, qRT-PCR), 5′-ACG ATG TAG CTT ACC GCC AGG AAA-3′ (forward), 5′-TCT CTG CAG GAG TGT CAG CTT TGT-3′ (reverse); GAPDH (RT-PCR), 5′-ACC ACA GTC CAT GCC ATC AC-3′ (forward), 5′-TCC ACC ACC CTG TTG CTG TA-3′ (reverse); GAPDH (qRT-PCR), 5′-GCA CCG TCA AGG CTG AGA AT-3′ (forward), 5′-ATG GTG GTC AAG ACG CCA GT-3′ (reverse).

2.5. Western Blot Analysis

Protein extraction was performed via a method reported in a previous study [20]. Total cellular protein was extracted by a lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.5, 125 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, and 0.1% Triton X-100) with 1% protease/phosphatase inhibitor cocktails (Sigma-Aldrich). The concentration of protein was quantified using a NanoDrop Lite (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Protein samples were separated on a 5–20% gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, then transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane using an iBlot2 system (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). After blocking with 5% skim milk, the membrane was treated with primary antibodies for 24–48 h at 4 °C. The membrane was then treated with secondary antibody for 90 min at room temperature. ImmunoStar reagents (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) were used for the detection of protein bands.
The primary antibodies used were as follows: mouse monoclonal antibody against IL-7R (#sc-514445, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) and rabbit monoclonal antibodies against phosphorylated (p) Akt (Ser473) (#4060, Cell Signaling Technology; CST, Beverly, MA), pAkt (Thr308) (#2965, CST), total Akt (#9272, CST), pErk1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) (#4370, CST), total Erk1/2 (#9102, CST), E-cadherin (#3195, CST), N-cadherin (#4061, CST), vimentin (#5741, CST), pRIP (Ser166) (#65746, CST), RIP (#3493, CST), pMLKL (Ser358) (#91689, CST), MLKL (#14993, CST), cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) (#9664, CST), Caspase-3 (#14220, CST), cleaved Caspase-8 (Asp384) (#9748, CST), Caspase-8 (#4790, CST), Cyclin D1 (#2926, CST), and β-actin (#4970, CST). The secondary antibodies were horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (#NA931V; GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (#NA934V; GE Healthcare).

2.6. Overexpression of IL-7R in ESCC Cell Lines

The expression plasmid pCMV6-IL7R (#RC209687, OriGene Technologies, Rockville, MD, USA), which encodes the IL7R ORF, was employed to overexpress IL-7R in the ESCC cell lines. Lipofectamine® 3000 reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to transfect plasmid DNA into ESCC cells. Following transfection for 2 days, RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS with 300 or 100 µg/mL geneticin (G418, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to select stably transfected TE-9 and -11 cells, respectively. ESCC cells transfected with empty pCMV6-Entry vectors (#PS100001, OriGene Technologies) were used as negative controls (control). The limiting dilution method was continued for at least a month, and colonies of cloned cells were obtained. One control and two IL-7R-overexpressing clones (OE IL-7R) were selected for TE-9 and -11 cells.

2.7. IL-7R Knockdown in ESCC Cell Lines Using Small Interfering (si) RNA

Transfection of siRNA was performed according to a previously reported method [20]. TE-9, -10, and -11 cells were transfected with 20 nM siRNA against IL-7R (siIL-7R; #sc-35664; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or negative control siRNA (siNC; Sigma-Aldrich) by Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen) and cultivated for 72 h.

2.8. Cell Proliferation Assay

Survival and growth assays for ESCC cells were performed in 96-well plates. For the survival assay, 1 × 104 cells/well were seeded in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium. For the growth assay, 5 × 103 cells/well were seeded in RPMI-1640 with 1% FBS. In both assays, the cells were incubated at 37 °C under 5% CO2 for 48 h. In certain experiments, the ESCC cells were treated with/without 20 ng/mL recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7, #207-IL; R&D Systems). Following the addition of CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Reagent (20 µL/well; Promega, Madison, WI, USA), the absorbance was measured at 492 nm using an Infinite 200 PRO microplate reader (Infinite 200 PRO; Tecan, Mannedorf, Switzerland). A schematic of the experimental procedure of the cell proliferation assay is shown in Figure S1A.

2.9. Transwell Migration Assay

The transwell migration assay for ESCC cells was performed in 24-well plates using RPMI-1640 containing 0.1% FBS (800 μL/well) with/without rhIL-7 (20 ng/mL). The cell culture insert (pore size, 8-μm; BD Falcon, Lincoln Park, NY, USA) was used as the upper chamber with 1 × 105 cells in 300 μL RPMI-1640 containing 0.1% FBS. In certain experiments, the ESCC cells were treated with either PI3K inhibitor (LY294002, 10 μM; CST) or MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059, 10 μM; CST), and either a neutralizing antibody against IL-7R (1 μg/mL; #sc-514445, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or normal mouse IgG (1 μg/mL; #sc-2025, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as the negative control in the presence of rhIL-7 (20 ng/mL). After 48 h of incubation, the membrane of the upper chamber was stained using Diff-Quik (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan), and the cells that migrated to the underside of the membrane were enumerated as described in a previous study [20]. A schematic of the experimental procedure of the transwell migration assay is shown in Figure S1B.

2.10. Wound Healing Assay

ESCC cells in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS were seeded in 24-well plates (600 μL/well). The ESCC cells were incubated for up to 24 h until 100% confluency was achieved; thereafter, wounds were prepared using 1000-µL pipette tips. After washing with phosphate-buffered saline, wounded areas were captured using a CCD camera (40× magnification; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The medium was then changed to serum-free RPMI-1640 with/without rhIL-7 (20 ng/mL). In certain experiments, the ESCC cells were treated with either 10 μM LY294002 or 10 μM PD98059, and either a neutralizing antibody against IL-7R (1 μg/mL) or normal mouse IgG (1 μg/mL) as the negative control in the presence of rhIL-7 (20 ng/mL). After incubation for 24 h (for TE-11) or 48 h (for TE-9 and -10), each well was washed and the cells migrating to the wounded area were captured using a CCD camera (Olympus). We evaluated the migration ability by measuring the cell-free area with the polygon selection tool of ImageJ v1.52v (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Furthermore, the percentage wound coverage was compared between before treatment (Abefore) and after 24 or 48 h (Aafter); [(Abefore − Aafter)/Abefore] × 100. A schematic of the experimental procedure of the wound healing assay is shown in Figure S1C.

2.11. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Macrophages, and TE-9, -10, and -11 cells (1 × 106 cells/well) in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS were cultured in 6-well plates for 48 h. In addition, after separation using an autoMACS Pro Separator (Miltenyi Biotec), monocultured and co-cultured TE-9, -10, and -11 cells (3 × 105 cells/well) in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS were cultured in 6-well plates for 48 h. The cell culture supernatants were collected via a previously described method [19]. The concentrations of IL-7 in the cell culture supernatants were measured using the Human IL-7 Quantikine HS ELISA Kit (#HS750; R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The optimal density of each well was determined at 490 nm using an Infinite 200 PRO microplate reader.

2.12. Tissue Samples

ESCC patients who underwent surgical resection at Kobe University Hospital (Kobe, Japan) between 2005 and 2010 were selected. Exclusion criteria were patients who received neoadjuvant therapy (chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy) before resection. In all, 69 human ESCC tissue samples were registered in the present study. Clinicopathological and histological factors were classified according to the Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer [24] and the Union for International Cancer Control TNM classification [25]. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kobe University (B210103) and was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. All patients gave informed consent for the use of tissue samples and clinical data.

2.13. Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry analyses for 4-μm-thick tissue sections were performed using the BOND Polymer Refine Detection Kit (Leica Biosystems, Bannockburn, IL, USA) on the BOND-MAX automated system (Leica Biosystems). The dilution ratio of the antibody was set at 1:500. Rabbit IL-7R antibody (#CSB-PA011670EA01HU, Cusabio Technology, Houston, TX, USA) was adopted as the primary antibody, and normal rabbit polyclonal IgG (#PM035, Medical & Biological Laboratories; MBL, Nagoya, Japan) was used as a negative control (Figure S2). The staining intensity in cancer nests was scored as follows: 0 indicated no staining; 1 indicated weaker than normal esophageal epithelium; and 2 indicated equal to or stronger than normal esophageal epithelium. Cases with scores of 0 and 1 were classified as the low-expression group, and cases with scores of 2 were classified as the high-expression group. All tissue samples were evaluated by two expert pathologists (Y.-i.K. and H.Y.) and one surgeon (Y.K. [Yu Kitamura]), based on the above-mentioned criteria.

2.14. Statistical Analyses

All in vitro experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated independently three times. Significant differences between conditions were determined using a two-tailed Student’s t-test, and the data were presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). The relationship between immunohistochemical results and clinicopathological factors was analyzed using the χ2 test. The overall, disease-free, and cause-specific survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and evaluated using a log-rank test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Direct Co-Culture with Macrophages Promotes the Survival and Growth of ESCC Cells through the Activation of Akt and Erk1/2 Signaling

Direct co-culture with macrophages could enhance ESCC cell survival and growth, in addition to the previously reported promotion of the migration and invasion abilities of ESCC cells. Co-cultured TE-9, -10, and -11 cells increased cell survival significantly compared with that in monocultured TE-9, -10, and -11 cells, respectively (Figure 1A). Co-cultured TE-10 and -11 cells exhibited significantly enhanced growth compared with monocultured TE-10 and -11 cells, respectively (Figure 1B). Co-cultured TE-9 cells grew at a rate that was relatively similar to that of monocultured TE-9 cells (Figure 1B).
The signaling pathways activated in ESCC cells following direct co-culture with macrophages were then investigated using Western blot analysis. Direct co-culture with macrophages increased the phosphorylation levels of Erk1/2 in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells, in addition to the previously reported enhancement of Akt phosphorylation (Figure 1C and Figure S7A).

3.2. IL-7R Expression Is Upregulated in ESCC Cells following Direct Co-Culture with Macrophages

We performed qRT-PCR to confirm that direct co-culture with macrophages increased the expression of IL7R mRNA in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells (Figure 1D). Thereafter, we examined the expression levels of IL-7R protein in ESCC cell lines. Western blotting results revealed that TE-10 and -11 cells showed upregulated IL-7R expression upon direct co-culture with macrophages; however, TE-9 cells did not exhibit such a change (Figure 1E and Figure S7B).

3.3. IL-7R Overexpression in ESCC Cells Markedly Promotes Cell Survival and Growth

To investigate the significance of high IL-7R expression in ESCC cells, we overexpressed IL-7R in ESCC cells via gene transfection. TE-9 cells were selected for transfection because IL-7R protein was not upregulated and growth was not promoted in TE-9 cells directly co-cultured with macrophages. TE-9 cells stably transfected with the IL-7R expression vector (OE IL-7R#1 and OE IL-7R#2) had significantly higher IL-7R mRNA and protein expression than those transfected with the control vector (control) (Figure 2A–C and Figure S7C). To investigate the effect of IL-7R overexpression on survival, growth, and cell signaling, TE-9 (OE IL-7R#1 and OE IL-7R#2) and TE-9 (control) were compared. Compared with TE-9 (control), both IL-7R-overexpressing clones (OE IL-7R#1 and OE IL-7R#2) exhibited significantly increased survival, growth, and phosphorylation levels of Akt and Erk1/2 (Figure 2D–F and Figure S7D). TE-11 cells also showed similar results with regard to the effect of IL-7R overexpression (Figures S3A–F and S7E,F).

3.4. Knockdown of IL-7R in ESCC Cells Markedly Suppresses Cell Survival and Growth

To investigate the association between IL-7R expression and various phenotypes of ESCC cells, IL-7R was knocked down in ESCC cells using siRNA. The expression levels of IL7R mRNA and IL-7R protein in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells transfected with siIL-7R were lower than those in cells transfected with siNC (Figure 3A–C and Figure S7G). Cell proliferation assays demonstrated that the knockdown of IL-7R in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells suppressed survival (Figure 3D) and growth (Figure 3E) significantly compared with those in siNC-transfected TE-9, -10, and -11 cells, respectively. Transwell migration and wound healing assays were performed using TE-9, -10, and -11 cells transfected with siIL-7R; however, cell migration ability could not be assessed as IL-7R knockdown reduced cell survival and growth significantly.

3.5. Exogeneous IL-7 Promotes ESCC Cell Migration Ability via the Akt and Erk1/2 Signaling Pathways

As IL-7 is a specific ligand of IL-7R, additional assays were performed to investigate the effect of exogeneous IL-7 on ESCC cells using recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7). Notably, rhIL-7 had no effect on cell survival (Figure 4A) or growth (Figure 4B), but it enhanced the migration abilities of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells significantly in the transwell migration assay (Figure 4C) and wound healing assay (Figure 4E). Moreover, the anti-IL-7R neutralizing antibody significantly suppressed rhIL-7-induced migration of TE-10 and -11 cells; however, there was no significant difference in TE-9 cells in the transwell migration assay (Figure 4D). Furthermore, the anti-IL-7R neutralizing antibody inhibited the rhIL-7-induced migration of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells significantly in the wound healing assay (Figure 4F).
Western blot analyses were used to investigate changes in cell signaling induced by exogenous IL-7. Phosphorylated Akt and Erk1/2 levels were upregulated in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells within 1 h of rhIL-7 treatment (Figure 5A and Figure S7H). However, rhIL-7 treatment for 48 h had no effect on the expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related factors in TE-9, -10, or -11 cells (Figures S4 and S7I). Furthermore, migration assays were carried out to evaluate whether Akt and Erk1/2 signaling contributes to the rhIL-7-induced migration of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. The rhIL-7-induced migration of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells was suppressed significantly by a PI3K inhibitor or a MEK1/2 inhibitor in the transwell migration assay (Figure 5B) and in the wound healing assay (Figure 5C). The IL-7/IL-7R axis promotes the migration of ESCC cells via the Akt and Erk1/2 pathways.

3.6. High Expression of IL-7R in Cancer Nests Is Associated with the Infiltration Levels of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) or Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) and Tends to Be Correlated with Poor Prognosis in ESCC Patients

Finally, we evaluated the expression levels of IL-7R in human ESCC tissue samples and examined their association with patient prognoses and clinicopathological factors. To this end, we performed immunohistochemistry for IL-7R in 69 human ESCC tissue samples, which were divided into two groups based on the staining intensity: low or high IL-7R expression (Figure 6A). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that ESCC patients with high IL-7R expression demonstrated a higher tendency for poorer prognosis than those with low IL-7R expression in terms of disease-free survival (p = 0.055); however, there was no correlation between IL-7R expression and overall survival (p = 0.512) or cause-specific survival (p = 0.394) (Figure 6B).
Furthermore, we explored the association between IL-7R expression and clinicopathological factors in ESCC tissue samples. Although clinicopathological factors were not significantly associated with high IL-7R expression levels, histological grade (p = 0.088), depth of tumor invasion (p = 0.075), lymphatic vessel invasion (p = 0.081), blood vessel invasion (p = 0.053), and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.053) tended to be correlated with IL-7R expression in ESCC patients (Table 1). Moreover, high IL-7R expression was associated with a higher number of infiltrating CD68-, CD163-, and CD204-positive macrophages (p = 0.041, p = 0.028, and p = 0.006, respectively). Notably, high levels of expression of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) (p = 0.015) and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) (p = 0.048), which are known CAF markers, were also significantly associated with high IL-7R expression in cancer nests (Table 1).

4. Discussion

We previously demonstrated that the direct co-culture of ESCC cells with macrophages promotes cell migration and invasion [20]. The present study demonstrates that direct co-culture with macrophages improves ESCC cell survival and growth. Previous studies reported that interactions between cancer cells and macrophages through humoral factors contribute to the promotion of cell growth in several cancers [27,28,29,30]. We also reported that ESCC cells indirectly co-cultured with macrophages exhibit enhanced cell growth [31,32]. Furthermore, direct contact between tumor cells and peripheral blood-derived macrophages reportedly promotes growth of glioma [33] and sarcoma [34] cells. However, the enhancement of ESCC cell proliferation through direct contact with macrophages is a novel finding. Elucidation of this phenotype may reveal novel mechanisms underlying ESCC progression.
IL-7R is a heterodimeric complex consisting of IL-7Rα and a common γ-chain; the latter is shared by IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 receptors. IL-7Rα is expressed in the lymphoid system. IL-7 is a 25-kDa secreted soluble globular protein encoded by the IL7 gene and is a ligand for IL-7R. IL-7R is expressed in both naïve and memory T-cells, and IL-7 signaling is required for the long-term survival of all T-cell populations [35,36]. Several studies have found that IL-7R expression facilitates tumor progression; for example, high levels of IL-7R expression in lung and breast cancer tissues are associated with poor prognosis and tumor progression [37,38]. Meanwhile, IL7R has been described as a suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma [39]. Therefore, the role of IL-7R may differ among cancer types. In silico analysis revealed that IL7R gene expression was higher in ESCC tissue samples than in normal esophageal tissue samples [40]. However, the biological role of IL-7R in the ESCC microenvironment is unclear. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study that reports the role of IL-7R in ESCC progression.
We demonstrated that TE-9 cells, which did not exhibit the induction of IL-7R expression after direct co-culture with macrophages, exhibited increased cell survival and growth after IL7R gene transfection without the addition of exogenous IL-7. Furthermore, knockdown of IL-7R in the three ESCC cell lines suppressed cell survival and growth significantly. Knockdown of IL-7R also reduces the growth of non-small cell lung cancer and hepatitis B virus-related hepatoma cells due to a decrease in the expression of cell cycle-related protein Cyclin D1 [41,42], and induces the apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer via the downregulation of anti-apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 [43]. To explore the mechanism underlying the reduction of the proliferative potential of ESCC cells by IL-7R silencing, the expression levels of apoptosis-related protein Caspase-3 and Caspase-8, necroptosis-related protein RIP and MLKL, and cell cycle-related protein Cyclin D1 were examined by Western blot analysis (Figures S5 and S7J). The results showed that silencing of IL-7R induced the activation of RIP, which is associated with necroptosis, in TE-11 cells, and suppressed the expression of Cyclin D1, which is associated with the cell cycle, in TE-9 and -10 cells. With regard to other molecules, no meaningful results were obtained to explain decreasing proliferation. It is difficult to attribute the cause of the IL-7R silencing-induced reduction in the proliferative capacity of ESCC cells to one specific mechanism. Exogenous IL-7 promotes breast cancer growth via the JAK/STAT pathway [44] and lung cancer cell growth via the c-Fos/c-Jun pathway [37]. In contrast, in the present study, we demonstrated that exogenous IL-7 had no effect on tumor growth in ESCC cells. Similar results have been reported for prostate cancer [45,46], bladder cancer [47], and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells [48]. Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-7R expression activates the growth signal in ESCC. Although exogenous IL-7 did not affect the proliferative potential of ESCC cells, the influence of endogenous trace amounts of IL-7 (discussed later) cannot be ruled out. In addition, other ligands might have worked against IL-7R in an autocrine manner.
The present study reveals that the IL-7/IL-7R axis enhances cell migration via the activation of Akt and Erk1/2 signals in ESCC cells. The binding of IL-7 promotes heterodimerization of IL-7Rα and γc, leading to the activation of JAK1 and JAK3 and consequent downstream signaling, most notably of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5, as well as the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and MEK-Erk pathways, in T-cell development and homeostasis [36,49]. The IL-7/IL-7R axis contributes to prostate cancer cell migration via the PI3K-Akt pathway [45,46]. Moreover, IL-7 promotes cell migration and invasion by upregulating Erk1/2-mediated MMP-9 expression in bladder cancer cells [47]. Herein, we found that the Akt and Erk1/2 pathways are both important for IL-7/IL-7R-induced migration in ESCC. Meanwhile, other researchers have shown that the IL-7/IL-7R axis contributes to EMT in prostate cancer cells [50] and breast cancer cells [51]. We also investigated the association between the IL-7/IL-7R axis and EMT; exogenous IL-7 did not alter the expression levels of EMT-related markers in ESCC cells. Such differences in responses to exogenous IL-7 indicate that the effect of IL-7 may vary depending on the origin and histological type of the cancer.
The association between IL-7R expression and patient prognosis has been investigated in breast cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and lung cancer. Al-Rawi et al. reported that patients who died from breast cancer had significantly higher tumoral IL7R mRNA levels than those who survived [38]. Heo et al. indicated that the survival probability of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients with low IL-7R expression was modestly higher than that of patients with high IL-7R expression, as revealed by in silico analysis [52]. Ming et al. discovered that high IL-7R expression was significantly correlated with advanced stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in terms of overall survival in lung cancer, based on immunohistochemistry [37]. Suzuki et al. also showed that IL-7R expression was associated with aggressive tumor features and frequent recurrence in clinical stage I lung adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry [53]. In addition, immunohistochemical expression of IL-7R in lung cancer patients was found to be an independent predictor of survival [54,55]. We also investigated the association between IL-7R expression and patient prognosis and clinicopathological factors in ESCC tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that ESCC patients with high IL-7R expression demonstrated poorer disease-free survival than those with low IL-7R expression. Although no clinicopathological factors were significantly associated with high expression levels of IL-7R, histological grade, depth of tumor invasion, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, and lymph node metastasis tended to be related to the expression levels of IL-7R in patients with ESCC. However, a positive correlation was observed between the expression of IL-7R in ESCC cancer nests and the infiltration density of CD163- or CD204-positive cells, i.e., TAMs. Such findings support our hypothesis that IL-7R is upregulated in ESCC cells by direct contact with macrophages and promotes tumor growth along with other factors, such as GDF15 [31] and ANXA10 [32].
Notably, in the present study, the expression levels of αSMA and FAP, known as CAF markers, were positively correlated with the expression of IL-7R in ESCC tumor nests. IL-7 is produced in primary and secondary lymphoid organs and supports the development and maintenance of lymphocyte populations [36]. IL-7 expression has also been observed in human fibroblasts [49]. One of the possible precursors of CAFs is resident tissue fibroblasts [56]. Kröncke et al. reported the expression of IL7 mRNA in primary cultured fibroblasts of the human foreskin [57]. In addition, in a mouse model, Boesch et al. reported that approximately 10% of the fibroblastic tumor stroma was occupied by IL-7-expressing CAFs in an orthotopic breast cancer tissue [58]. Furthermore, in a recent study, Yan et al. demonstrated that CAF-derived IL-7 promotes tumor progression in NOX5-positive ESCC cells [59]. Based on such reports, we hypothesized that IL-7 secreted by CAFs promotes ESCC cell migration. Despite considering IL-7 sources other than CAFs using ELISA, sufficient levels of IL-7 secretion could not be confirmed in ESCC cell lines or macrophages (Figure S6A), or in monocultured or co-cultured ESCC cell lines (Figure S6B).
The present study had several limitations. First, IL-7R-induced cell proliferation and migration in ESCC was not confirmed in vivo. However, a previous study reported that intratumoral ablation of IL-7-expressing fibroblasts impairs breast tumor growth and reduces the clonogenic potential of cancer cells in a mouse model [58]. Hence, ESCC xenograft mice should be used to further investigate the role of IL-7R in ESCC development. In addition, this study included 69 human ESCC tissue samples, which is considered a small case analysis. More cases could help verify the association between IL-7R expression and prognosis or clinicopathological factors. Furthermore, considering the strong effect of IL-7R expression on cell proliferation, the migration ability of ESCC cells transfected with siIL-7R could not be accurately assessed.

5. Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that IL-7R expression is upregulated in ESCC cells co-cultured directly with macrophages, and that high IL-7R expression promotes the survival and growth of cancer cells via activation of the Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways. Furthermore, the IL-7/IL-7R axis enhances the migration ability of ESCC cells via the activation of the Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways. High IL-7R expression in tumor nests was associated with the levels of TAM and CAF infiltration and tended to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with ESCC. Our findings show that IL-7R is a potential therapeutic target and prognostic factor for ESCC progression.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cancers15020394/s1. Table S1: Upregulated and downregulated interleukin-related genes in TE-11 cells co-cultured with macrophages; Figure S1: Schema of the experimental methods in cell proliferation assay (A), transwell migration assay (B), and wound healing assay (C); Figure S2: Negative control for immunohistochemistry in ESCC tissues. Immunohistochemical staining of ESCC tissue samples was performed using normal rabbit IgG as the negative control. The magnification of the picture is 400×, scale bar = 20 µm; Figure S3: IL-7R overexpression promotes TE-11 ESCC cell survival and growth. (A,B) Expression levels of IL7R mRNA in TE-11 cells transfected with the control vector (ctrl) and IL-7R expression vector (OE IL-7R) were confirmed by RT-PCR (A) and qRT-PCR (B). GAPDH was used as an internal control. (C) Western blot analyses confirmed the expression of IL-7R protein in ctrl- and OE IL-7R-transfected TE-11 cells. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software, and the relative value was set as 1.00 for ctrl-transfected cells. (D, E) Overexpression of IL-7R induces the survival (D) and growth (E) of TE-11 cells. (F) Western blot analyses demonstrated that the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 was induced by the overexpression of IL-7R in TE-11 cells. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software, and the relative value was set as 1.00 for ctrl-transfected cells. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *** p < 0.001; Figure S4: IL-7 does not affect epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ESCC cells. To analyze the association between IL-7 and EMT-related factors, proteins were extracted from TE-9, -10, and -11 cells treated with/without recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7; 20 ng/mL) for 48 h. We confirmed the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin using Western blotting. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software, and the relative value was set as 1.00 for rhIL-7-untreated cells; Figure S5: Expression levels of cell death- and cell cycle-related proteins in IL-7R-silencing ESCC cells. The expression levels of cell death-related proteins pRIP, RIP, pMLKL, MLKL, cleaved Caspase-3, Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-8, and Caspase-8 and the cell cycle-related protein Cyclin D1 in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells transfected with siIL-7R or siNC were confirmed by Western blotting. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software, and the relative value was set as 1.00 for siNC-transfected cells; Figure S6: (A) Secretory concentrations of IL-7 in macrophages, TE-9, -10, and -11 cells were compared using ELISA. (B) Secretory concentrations of IL-7 in monocultured or co-cultured TE-9, -10, and -11 cells were compared using ELISA. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *** p < 0.001; Figure S7: Raw image of Western blotting from Figures 1C, 1E, 2C, 2F, 3C, 5A, S3C, S3F, S4, and S5, corresponding to Figures S7A–J, respectively. The markers could not be visualized in the raw membrane data because three colored pre-stained markers that did not contain chemiluminescent substances were used.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura), Y.-i.K. and H.Y.; methodology, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura) and Y.-i.K.; validation, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura), K.T. and S.T.; formal analysis, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura), Y.-i.K., K.T. and S.T.; investigation, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura).; resources, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura), Y.A., S.M., S.U., T.K., M.N., M.S. and Y.K. (Yoshihiro Kakeji); data curation, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura), K.T., S.T., Y.A., S.M., S.U. and T.K.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura), Y.-i.K. and H.Y.; writing—review and editing, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura), Y.-i.K. and H.Y.; visualization, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura).; supervision, Y.K. (Yoshihiro Kakeji) and H.Y.; project administration, Y.K. (Yu Kitamura), Y.-i.K. and H.Y.; funding acquisition, Y.-i.K. and H.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (grant numbers 20K07373 and 22K06978) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This study was also supported by the Takeda Science Foundation.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kobe University (B210103 on 22 June 2021).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

We thank Yumi Hashimoto, Nobuo Kubo, and Miki Yamazaki for their technical support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021, 71, 209–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Smyth, E.C.; Lagergren, J.; Fitzgerald, R.C.; Lordick, F.; Shah, M.A.; Lagergren, P.; Cunningham, D. Oesophageal cancer. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2017, 3, 17048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Rustgi, A.K.; El-Serag, H.B. Esophageal carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014, 371, 2499–2509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Abnet, C.C.; Arnold, M.; Wei, W.Q. Epidemiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2018, 154, 360–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Enzinger, P.C.; Mayer, R.J. Esophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349, 2241–2252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Pennathur, A.; Gibson, M.K.; Jobe, B.A.; Luketich, J.D. Oesophageal carcinoma. Lancet 2013, 381, 400–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Ohashi, S.; Miyamoto, S.; Kikuchi, O.; Goto, T.; Amanuma, Y.; Muto, M. Recent advances from basic and clinical studies of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2015, 149, 1700–1715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Wu, T.; Dai, Y. Tumor microenvironment and therapeutic response. Cancer Lett. 2017, 387, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R.A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000, 100, 57–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Xiao, Y.; Yu, D. Tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer. Pharmacol. Ther. 2021, 221, 107753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Martinez, F.O.; Sica, A.; Mantovani, A.; Locati, M. Macrophage activation and polarization. Front. Biosci. 2008, 13, 453–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Mills, C.D.; Lenz, L.L.; Harris, R.A. A breakthrough: Macrophage-directed cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res. 2016, 76, 513–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Tsukamoto, H.; Komohara, Y.; Oshiumi, H. The role of macrophages in anti-tumor immune responses: Pathological significance and potential as therapeutic targets. Hum. Cell 2021, 34, 1031–1039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Mantovani, A.; Sozzani, S.; Locati, M.; Allavena, P.; Sica, A. Macrophage polarization: Tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol. 2002, 23, 549–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Yokozaki, H.; Koma, Y.I.; Shigeoka, M.; Nishio, M. Cancer as a tissue: The significance of cancer-stromal interactions in the development, morphogenesis and progression of human upper digestive tract cancer. Pathol. Int. 2018, 68, 334–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Gordon, S.; Martinez, F.O. Alternative activation of macrophages: Mechanism and functions. Immunity 2010, 32, 593–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Biswas, S.K.; Sica, A.; Lewis, C.E. Plasticity of macrophage function during tumor progression: Regulation by distinct molecular mechanisms. J. Immunol. 2008, 180, 2011–2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Noy, R.; Pollard, J.W. Tumor-associated macrophages: From mechanisms to therapy. Immunity 2014, 41, 49–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Shigeoka, M.; Urakawa, N.; Nakamura, T.; Nishio, M.; Watajima, T.; Kuroda, D.; Komori, T.; Kakeji, Y.; Semba, S.; Yokozaki, H. Tumor associated macrophage expressing CD204 is associated with tumor aggressiveness of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2013, 104, 1112–1119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Tanigawa, K.; Tsukamoto, S.; Koma, Y.I.; Kitamura, Y.; Urakami, S.; Shimizu, M.; Fujikawa, M.; Kodama, T.; Nishio, M.; Shigeoka, M.; et al. S100A8/A9 induced by interaction with macrophages in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma promotes the migration and invasion of cancer cells via Akt and p38 MAPK pathways. Am. J. Pathol. 2022, 192, 536–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhou, J.; Zheng, S.; Liu, T.; Liu, Q.; Chen, Y.; Tan, D.; Ma, R.; Lu, X. IL-1β from M2 macrophages promotes migration and invasion of ESCC cells enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activating NF-κB signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 2018, 119, 7040–7052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Yang, S.M.; Li, S.Y.; Hao-Bin, Y.; Lin-Yan, X.; Sheng, X. IL-11 activated by lnc-ATB promotes cell proliferation and invasion in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 114, 108835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Diakowska, D.; Krzystek-Korpacka, M. Local and systemic interleukin-32 in esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers: Clinical and diagnostic significance. Diagnostics 2020, 10, 785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Japan Esophageal Society. Japanese classification of esophageal cancer, tenth edition: Parts II and III. Esophagus 2009, 6, 71–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Sobin, L.H.; Gospodarowicz, M.K.; Wittekind, C. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  26. Higashino, N.; Koma, Y.I.; Hosono, M.; Takase, N.; Okamoto, M.; Kodaira, H.; Nishio, M.; Shigeoka, M.; Kakeji, Y.; Yokozaki, H. Fibroblast activation protein-positive fibroblasts promote tumor progression through secretion of CCL2 and interleukin-6 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Lab. Investig. 2019, 99, 777–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Yeung, O.W.; Lo, C.M.; Ling, C.C.; Qi, X.; Geng, W.; Li, C.X.; Ng, K.T.; Forbes, S.J.; Guan, X.Y.; Poon, R.T.; et al. Alternatively activated (M2) macrophages promote tumour growth and invasiveness in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2015, 62, 607–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Chen, S.; Morine, Y.; Tokuda, K.; Yamada, S.; Saito, Y.; Nishi, M.; Ikemoto, T.; Shimada, M. Cancer-associated fibroblast-induced M2-polarized macrophages promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression via the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 pathway. Int. J. Oncol. 2021, 59, 59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Liu, C.Y.; Xu, J.Y.; Shi, X.Y.; Huang, W.; Ruan, T.Y.; Xie, P.; Ding, J.L. M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells, partially through TLR4/IL-10 signaling pathway. Lab. Investig. 2013, 93, 844–854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Zhou, Z.; Wang, P.; Sun, R.; Li, J.; Hu, Z.; Xin, H.; Luo, C.; Zhou, J.; Fan, J.; Zhou, S. Tumor-associated neutrophils and macrophages interaction contributes to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression by activating STAT3. J. Immunother. Cancer 2021, 9, e001946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Urakawa, N.; Utsunomiya, S.; Nishio, M.; Shigeoka, M.; Takase, N.; Arai, N.; Kakeji, Y.; Koma, Y.I.; Yokozaki, H. GDF15 derived from both tumor-associated macrophages and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas contributes to tumor progression via Akt and Erk pathways. Lab. Investig. 2015, 95, 491–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Kodaira, H.; Koma, Y.I.; Hosono, M.; Higashino, N.; Suemune, K.; Nishio, M.; Shigeoka, M.; Yokozaki, H. ANXA10 induction by interaction with tumor-associated macrophages promotes the growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol. Int. 2019, 69, 135–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  33. Komohara, Y.; Horlad, H.; Ohnishi, K.; Fujiwara, Y.; Bai, B.; Nakagawa, T.; Suzu, S.; Nakamura, H.; Kuratsu, J.I.; Takeya, M. Importance of direct macrophage-tumor cell interaction on progression of human glioma. Cancer Sci. 2012, 103, 2165–2172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Shiraishi, D.; Fujiwara, Y.; Horlad, H.; Saito, Y.; Iriki, T.; Tsuboki, J.; Cheng, P.; Nakagata, N.; Mizuta, H.; Bekki, H.; et al. CD163 is required for protumoral activation of macrophages in human and murine sarcoma. Cancer Res. 2018, 78, 3255–3266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. Schluns, K.S.; Kieper, W.C.; Jameson, S.C.; Lefrançois, L. Interleukin-7 mediates the homeostasis of naïve and memory CD8 T cells in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 2000, 1, 426–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Barata, J.T.; Durum, S.K.; Seddon, B. Flip the coin: IL-7 and IL-7R in health and disease. Nat. Immunol. 2019, 20, 1584–1593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Ming, J.; Zhang, Q.; Qiu, X.; Wang, E. Interleukin 7/interleukin 7 receptor induce c-Fos/c-Jun-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor-D up-regulation: A mechanism of lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2009, 45, 866–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Al-Rawi, M.A.; Rmali, K.; Watkins, G.; Mansel, R.E.; Jiang, W.G. Aberrant expression of interleukin-7 (IL-7) and its signalling complex in human breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2004, 40, 494–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Zhuang, W.; Sun, H.; Zhang, S.; Zhou, Y.; Weng, W.; Wu, B.; Ye, T.; Huang, W.; Lin, Z.; Shi, L.; et al. An immunogenomic signature for molecular classification in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 2021, 25, 105–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Kim, M.J.; Choi, S.K.; Hong, S.H.; Eun, J.W.; Nam, S.W.; Han, J.W.; You, J.S. Oncogenic IL7R is downregulated by histone deacetylase inhibitor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via modulation of acetylated FOXO1. Int. J. Oncol. 2018, 53, 395–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Ming, J.; Jiang, G.; Zhang, Q.; Qiu, X.; Wang, E. Interleukin-7 up-regulates cyclin D1 via activator protein-1 to promote proliferation of cell in lung cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2012, 61, 79–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Kong, F.; Hu, W.; Zhou, K.; Wei, X.; Kou, Y.; You, H.; Zheng, K.; Tang, R. Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes interleukin-7 receptor expression via NF-κB and Notch1 pathway to facilitate proliferation and migration of hepatitis B virus-related hepatoma cells. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2016, 35, 172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Liu, Z.H.; Wang, M.H.; Ren, H.J.; Qu, W.; Sun, L.M.; Zhang, Q.F.; Qiu, X.S.; Wang, E.H. Interleukin 7 signaling prevents apoptosis by regulating bcl-2 and bax via the p53 pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2014, 7, 870–881. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  44. Al-Rawi, M.A.; Rmali, K.; Mansel, R.E.; Jiang, W.G. Interleukin 7 induces the growth of breast cancer cells through a wortmannin-sensitive pathway. Br. J. Surg. 2004, 91, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Qu, H.; Zou, Z.; Pan, Z.; Zhang, T.; Deng, N.; Chen, G.; Wang, Z. IL-7/IL-7 receptor axis stimulates prostate cancer cell invasion and migration via AKT/NF-κB pathway. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2016, 40, 203–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Alshyarba, M.; Otifi, H.; Al Fayi, M.; Dera, A.A.; Rajagopalan, P. Thymoquinone inhibits IL-7-induced tumor progression and metastatic invasion in prostate cancer cells by attenuating matrix metalloproteinase activity and Akt/NF-κB signaling. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 2021, 68, 1403–1411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Park, S.L.; Lee, E.J.; Kim, W.J.; Moon, S.K. p27KIP1 is involved in ERK1/2-mediated MMP-9 expression via the activation of NF-κB binding in the IL-7-induced migration and invasion of 5637 cells. Int. J. Oncol. 2014, 44, 1349–1356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Mai, H.L.; Deshayes, S.; Nguyen, T.V.; Dehame, V.; Chéné, A.L.; Brouard, S.; Blanquart, C. IL-7 is expressed in malignant mesothelioma and has a prognostic value. Mol. Oncol. 2022, 16, 3606–3619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Jiang, Q.; Li, W.Q.; Aiello, F.B.; Mazzucchelli, R.; Asefa, B.; Khaled, A.R.; Durum, S.K. Cell biology of IL-7, a key lymphotrophin. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2005, 16, 513–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Seol, M.A.; Kim, J.H.; Oh, K.; Kim, G.; Seo, M.W.; Shin, Y.K.; Sim, J.H.; Shin, H.M.; Seo, B.Y.; Lee, D.S.; et al. Interleukin-7 contributes to the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 6917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Yang, J.; Zeng, Z.; Peng, Y.; Chen, J.; Pan, L.; Pan, D. IL-7 splicing variant IL-7δ5 induces EMT and metastasis of human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and BT-20 through activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Histochem. Cell Biol. 2014, 142, 401–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Heo, S.H.; Jang, S.I.; Kim, S.Y.; Choi, B.; Lee, D.K.; Lee, H.K.; Chang, E.J. Characterization of circulating IL-7R positive cell populations for early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 4157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Suzuki, K.; Kadota, K.; Sima, C.S.; Nitadori, J.; Rusch, V.W.; Travis, W.D.; Sadelain, M.; Adusumilli, P.S. Clinical impact of immune microenvironment in stage I lung adenocarcinoma: Tumor interleukin-12 receptor β2 (IL-12Rβ2), IL-7R, and stromal FoxP3/CD3 ratio are independent predictors of recurrence. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 31, 490–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  54. Jian, M.; Yunjia, Z.; Zhiying, D.; Yanduo, J.; Guocheng, J. Interleukin 7 receptor activates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway via downregulation of Beclin-1 in lung cancer. Mol. Carcinog. 2019, 58, 358–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Zhu, Y.; Jiang, X.; Ding, Z.; Ming, J. Interleukin 7 inhibit autophagy via P53 regulated AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 11208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Shiga, K.; Hara, M.; Nagasaki, T.; Sato, T.; Takahashi, H.; Takeyama, H. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Their characteristics and their roles in tumor growth. Cancers 2015, 7, 2443–2458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Kröncke, R.; Loppnow, H.; Flad, H.D.; Gerdes, J. Human follicular dendritic cells and vascular cells produce interleukin-7: A potential role for interleukin-7 in the germinal center reaction. Eur. J. Immunol. 1996, 26, 2541–2544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Boesch, M.; Onder, L.; Cheng, H.W.; Novkovic, M.; Mörbe, U.; Sopper, S.; Gastl, G.; Jochum, W.; Ruhstaller, T.; Knauer, M.; et al. Interleukin 7-expressing fibroblasts promote breast cancer growth through sustenance of tumor cell stemness. Oncoimmunology 2018, 7, e1414129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Chen, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, W.; Zhao, D.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J.; Fan, J.; Zhan, Q. NOX5 mediates the crosstalk between tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts via regulating cytokine network. Clin. Transl. Med. 2021, 11, e472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cancers 15 00394 g001a 550Cancers 15 00394 g001b 550
Figure 1. Effects of direct co-culture with macrophages on ESCC cell lines. ESCC cells were directly co-cultured with macrophages for 2 days and then separated from macrophages. (A,B) Survival assays (A) and growth assays (B) were performed to investigate the effects of direct co-culture. The three graphs compare the survival and growth of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells co-cultured with macrophages with those of monocultured TE-9, -10, and -11 cells, respectively. (C) Western blot analyses were performed to investigate the signaling pathways activated in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells by direct co-culture with macrophages. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software, and the relative value was set as 1.00 for monocultured ESCC cells. (D) The expression levels of IL7R mRNA in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells monocultured and co-cultured with macrophages were confirmed by qRT-PCR. GAPDH was used as an internal control. (E) The expression levels of IL-7R protein in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells monocultured and co-cultured with macrophages were confirmed by Western blot analyses. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software, and the relative value was set to 1.00 for monocultured ESCC cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. N.S., not significant. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Figure 1. Effects of direct co-culture with macrophages on ESCC cell lines. ESCC cells were directly co-cultured with macrophages for 2 days and then separated from macrophages. (A,B) Survival assays (A) and growth assays (B) were performed to investigate the effects of direct co-culture. The three graphs compare the survival and growth of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells co-cultured with macrophages with those of monocultured TE-9, -10, and -11 cells, respectively. (C) Western blot analyses were performed to investigate the signaling pathways activated in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells by direct co-culture with macrophages. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software, and the relative value was set as 1.00 for monocultured ESCC cells. (D) The expression levels of IL7R mRNA in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells monocultured and co-cultured with macrophages were confirmed by qRT-PCR. GAPDH was used as an internal control. (E) The expression levels of IL-7R protein in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells monocultured and co-cultured with macrophages were confirmed by Western blot analyses. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software, and the relative value was set to 1.00 for monocultured ESCC cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. N.S., not significant. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Cancers 15 00394 g001aCancers 15 00394 g001b
Cancers 15 00394 g002 550
Figure 2. Overexpression of IL-7R promotes the survival and growth of TE-9 ESCC cells. (A,B) The expression levels of IL7R mRNA in TE-9 cells transfected with control vector (ctrl) or IL-7R expression vector (OE IL-7R) were confirmed by RT-PCR (A) and qRT-PCR (B). GAPDH was used as an internal control. (C) The expression levels of IL-7R protein in ctrl- and OE IL-7R-transfected TE-9 cells were confirmed by Western blot analyses. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software; the relative value was set to 1.00 for ctrl-transfected cells. (D,E) Overexpression of IL-7R induced the survival (D) and growth (E) of TE-9 cells. (F) Western blot analyses demonstrated that the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 was induced by the overexpression of IL-7R in TE-9 cells. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software; the relative value was set as 1.00 for ctrl-transfected cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *** p < 0.001.
Figure 2. Overexpression of IL-7R promotes the survival and growth of TE-9 ESCC cells. (A,B) The expression levels of IL7R mRNA in TE-9 cells transfected with control vector (ctrl) or IL-7R expression vector (OE IL-7R) were confirmed by RT-PCR (A) and qRT-PCR (B). GAPDH was used as an internal control. (C) The expression levels of IL-7R protein in ctrl- and OE IL-7R-transfected TE-9 cells were confirmed by Western blot analyses. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software; the relative value was set to 1.00 for ctrl-transfected cells. (D,E) Overexpression of IL-7R induced the survival (D) and growth (E) of TE-9 cells. (F) Western blot analyses demonstrated that the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 was induced by the overexpression of IL-7R in TE-9 cells. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software; the relative value was set as 1.00 for ctrl-transfected cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *** p < 0.001.
Cancers 15 00394 g002
Cancers 15 00394 g003 550
Figure 3. Knockdown of IL-7R suppresses the survival and growth of ESCC cells. (A,B) The expression levels of IL7R mRNA in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells transfected with 20 nM siRNA against IL-7R (siIL-7R) or negative control siRNA (siNC) were confirmed by RT-PCR (A) and qRT-PCR (B). GAPDH was used as an internal control. (C) The expression levels of IL-7R protein in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells transfected with siIL-7R or siNC, were confirmed by Western blot analyses. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software; the relative value was set to 1.00 for siNC-transfected cells. (D,E) Cell proliferation assays were conducted to investigate the effect of IL-7R knockdown on the survival (D) and growth (E) of ESCC cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *** p < 0.001.
Figure 3. Knockdown of IL-7R suppresses the survival and growth of ESCC cells. (A,B) The expression levels of IL7R mRNA in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells transfected with 20 nM siRNA against IL-7R (siIL-7R) or negative control siRNA (siNC) were confirmed by RT-PCR (A) and qRT-PCR (B). GAPDH was used as an internal control. (C) The expression levels of IL-7R protein in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells transfected with siIL-7R or siNC, were confirmed by Western blot analyses. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software; the relative value was set to 1.00 for siNC-transfected cells. (D,E) Cell proliferation assays were conducted to investigate the effect of IL-7R knockdown on the survival (D) and growth (E) of ESCC cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *** p < 0.001.
Cancers 15 00394 g003
Cancers 15 00394 g004a 550Cancers 15 00394 g004b 550
Figure 4. Exogenous IL-7 enhances the migration of ESCC cells via IL-7R without affecting cell survival or growth. (A,B) Cell proliferation assays were performed to investigate the effect of recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7, 20 ng/mL) on the survival (A) and growth (B) of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. (C) Transwell migration assays were performed to investigate the effect of rhIL-7 on the vertical migration abilities of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. The migrated cells were enumerated in four randomly selected areas. (D) Transwell migration assays were performed to investigate the effect of anti-IL-7R neutralizing antibodies on rhIL-7-induced vertical migration abilities of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. Normal mouse IgG was used as a negative control. The migrated cells were counted in four randomly selected areas. (E) Wound healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of rhIL-7 on the horizontal migration abilities of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. After incubation for a specific duration, the percentage wound coverage was measured and compared. (F) Wound healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of anti-IL-7R neutralizing antibodies on rhIL-7-induced horizontal migration abilities of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. Normal mouse IgG was used as a negative control. After incubation for a specific duration, the percentage wound coverage was measured and compared. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. N.S., not significant. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Figure 4. Exogenous IL-7 enhances the migration of ESCC cells via IL-7R without affecting cell survival or growth. (A,B) Cell proliferation assays were performed to investigate the effect of recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7, 20 ng/mL) on the survival (A) and growth (B) of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. (C) Transwell migration assays were performed to investigate the effect of rhIL-7 on the vertical migration abilities of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. The migrated cells were enumerated in four randomly selected areas. (D) Transwell migration assays were performed to investigate the effect of anti-IL-7R neutralizing antibodies on rhIL-7-induced vertical migration abilities of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. Normal mouse IgG was used as a negative control. The migrated cells were counted in four randomly selected areas. (E) Wound healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of rhIL-7 on the horizontal migration abilities of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. After incubation for a specific duration, the percentage wound coverage was measured and compared. (F) Wound healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of anti-IL-7R neutralizing antibodies on rhIL-7-induced horizontal migration abilities of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. Normal mouse IgG was used as a negative control. After incubation for a specific duration, the percentage wound coverage was measured and compared. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. N.S., not significant. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Cancers 15 00394 g004aCancers 15 00394 g004b
Cancers 15 00394 g005 550
Figure 5. IL-7/IL-7R axis promotes migration of ESCC cells via Akt and Erk1/2 activation. (A) Western blot analyses demonstrated phosphorylated or total Akt and Erk1/2 levels in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. Under serum-free conditions, TE-9, -10, and -11 cells were treated with recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7, 20 ng/mL) for 0, 10, 30, and 60 min. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software; the relative value was set as 1.00 for rhIL-7-untreated cells. (B) Transwell migration assays were performed to investigate the effect of PI3K or MEK1/2 inhibitors on the migration of rhIL-7-treated ESCC cells. Transwell migration assays of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells treated with rhIL-7 (20 ng/mL) and inhibitors against PI3K (LY294002, 10 µM) or MEK1/2 (PD98059, 10 µM) were performed. The number of migrated cells was counted in four randomly selected areas. (C) Wound healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of PI3K or MEK1/2 inhibitors on the migration of rhIL-7-treated ESCC cells. Wound healing assays of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells treated with rhIL-7 (20 ng/mL) and inhibitors against PI3K (LY294002, 10 µM) or MEK1/2 (PD98059, 10 µM) were performed. After incubation for a specific duration, the percentage wound coverage was measured and compared. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. N.S., not significant. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Figure 5. IL-7/IL-7R axis promotes migration of ESCC cells via Akt and Erk1/2 activation. (A) Western blot analyses demonstrated phosphorylated or total Akt and Erk1/2 levels in TE-9, -10, and -11 cells. Under serum-free conditions, TE-9, -10, and -11 cells were treated with recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7, 20 ng/mL) for 0, 10, 30, and 60 min. β-actin was used as an internal control. The expression level was normalized using ImageJ software; the relative value was set as 1.00 for rhIL-7-untreated cells. (B) Transwell migration assays were performed to investigate the effect of PI3K or MEK1/2 inhibitors on the migration of rhIL-7-treated ESCC cells. Transwell migration assays of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells treated with rhIL-7 (20 ng/mL) and inhibitors against PI3K (LY294002, 10 µM) or MEK1/2 (PD98059, 10 µM) were performed. The number of migrated cells was counted in four randomly selected areas. (C) Wound healing assays were performed to investigate the effect of PI3K or MEK1/2 inhibitors on the migration of rhIL-7-treated ESCC cells. Wound healing assays of TE-9, -10, and -11 cells treated with rhIL-7 (20 ng/mL) and inhibitors against PI3K (LY294002, 10 µM) or MEK1/2 (PD98059, 10 µM) were performed. After incubation for a specific duration, the percentage wound coverage was measured and compared. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. N.S., not significant. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Cancers 15 00394 g005
Cancers 15 00394 g006 550
Figure 6. ESCC patients with tumors expressing high levels of IL-7R immunoreactivity tend to have a poor prognosis in terms of disease-free survival. (A) Immunohistochemistry for IL-7R was performed with human ESCC tissues. The left and right images show low and high IL-7R intensities in a cancer nest, respectively. Scale bar: 20 µm (400×). (B) Correlation between IL-7R expression in ESCC tissues and ESCC patient prognosis. ESCC patients were divided into two groups according to the immunohistochemical intensity of IL-7R: the low-intensity group (n = 20) and high-intensity group (n = 48). Kaplan–Meier analysis of ESCC patients with low and high IL-7R expression was performed for overall, disease-free, and cause-specific survival. Data were analyzed using the log-rank test.
Figure 6. ESCC patients with tumors expressing high levels of IL-7R immunoreactivity tend to have a poor prognosis in terms of disease-free survival. (A) Immunohistochemistry for IL-7R was performed with human ESCC tissues. The left and right images show low and high IL-7R intensities in a cancer nest, respectively. Scale bar: 20 µm (400×). (B) Correlation between IL-7R expression in ESCC tissues and ESCC patient prognosis. ESCC patients were divided into two groups according to the immunohistochemical intensity of IL-7R: the low-intensity group (n = 20) and high-intensity group (n = 48). Kaplan–Meier analysis of ESCC patients with low and high IL-7R expression was performed for overall, disease-free, and cause-specific survival. Data were analyzed using the log-rank test.
Cancers 15 00394 g006
Table
Table 1. Relationship between IL-7R expression levels and clinicopathological factors in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues.
Table 1. Relationship between IL-7R expression levels and clinicopathological factors in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues.
Expression of IL-7R a
NumberLow (n = 20)High (n = 49)p-Value
Age
   <653210220.700
   ≥65371027
Sex
   Male5519360.044 *
   Female14113
Histological grade b
   HGIEN + WDSCC15780.088
   MDSCC + PDSCC541341
Depth of tumor invasion b
   T14817310.075
   T2 + T321318
Lymphatic vessel invasion b
   Negative3714230.081
   Positive32626
Blood vessel invasion b
   Negative4316270.053
   Positive26422
Lymph node metastasis b
   Negative4316270.053
   Positive26422
Stage c
   0 + I3814240.111
   II + III + IV31625
Expression of αSMA d
   Low3615210.015 *
   High33528
Expression of FAP d
   Low3915240.048 *
   High30525
Expression of CD68 e
   Low3514210.041 *
   High34628
Expression of CD163 e
   Low3414200.028 *
   High35629
Expression of CD204 e
   Low3415190.006 **
   High35530
Data were analyzed using the χ2-test; p < 0.05 indicated statistically significant differences: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. a Based on the immunohistochemical intensity of IL-7R in the tumor nests, the human ESCC samples were divided into two groups: high-intensity group (High) and low-intensity group (Low). b Based on the 10th edition of the Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer [24]: HGIEN, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia; WDSCC, well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; MDSCC, moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; PDSCC, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. T1, tumor invades from the superficial layer to the submucosa; T2, tumor invades the muscularis propria; T3, tumor invades the adventitia. c Based on the 7th edition of TNM classification by UICC [25]. d Immunoreactivity in the vicinity of the tumor’s invasive front was used to categorize patients into low- and high-groups. The cut-off value was set at 30% (high: >30%; low: ≤30%) [26]. e The median values of CD68-, CD163-, or CD204-positive macrophages in the tumor nests and stroma area was calculated. The patients were divided into low and high groups using the median value [19].
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kitamura, Y.; Koma, Y.-i.; Tanigawa, K.; Tsukamoto, S.; Azumi, Y.; Miyako, S.; Urakami, S.; Kodama, T.; Nishio, M.; Shigeoka, M.; et al. Roles of IL-7R Induced by Interactions between Cancer Cells and Macrophages in the Progression of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers 2023, 15, 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15020394

AMA Style

Kitamura Y, Koma Y-i, Tanigawa K, Tsukamoto S, Azumi Y, Miyako S, Urakami S, Kodama T, Nishio M, Shigeoka M, et al. Roles of IL-7R Induced by Interactions between Cancer Cells and Macrophages in the Progression of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers. 2023; 15(2):394. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15020394

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kitamura, Yu, Yu-ichiro Koma, Kohei Tanigawa, Shuichi Tsukamoto, Yuki Azumi, Shoji Miyako, Satoshi Urakami, Takayuki Kodama, Mari Nishio, Manabu Shigeoka, and et al. 2023. "Roles of IL-7R Induced by Interactions between Cancer Cells and Macrophages in the Progression of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma" Cancers 15, no. 2: 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15020394

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop