Assessing Chemical Intolerance in Parents Predicts the Risk of Autism and ADHD in Their Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Autism
1.2. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
1.3. Autism, ADHD, and Chemical Intolerance (CI)
1.4. Toxicant-Induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT)
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey
2.2. QEESI Scoring
2.3. Data Quality Control Checks
2.4. Statistical Modeling
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Indoor vs. Outdoor Air
4.2. Toxicant-Induced Epigenetic Changes Could Explain CI and the Heritability of Autism and ADHD
4.3. TILT and Mast Cells as a Plausible Biomechanism for Autism and ADHD
4.4. Autism Intervention and Support
4.5. Prevention
4.6. Study Limitations
4.6.1. Survey Methodology
4.6.2. Missing Information
4.6.3. Autism/ADHD Definition
5. Conclusions
- Increase awareness of autism/ADHD prevention by assessing CI using the QEESI.
- Conduct population-based surveys to determine the prevalence of CI in other populations, countries, and regions.
- Fund research to improve prevention, and environmental and medical interventions related to CI, TILT, mast cells, and autism/ADHD.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Percent | ||
---|---|---|
Age | 1: 18 to 29 years | 10.2 |
2: 30 to 44 | 23.1 | |
3: 45 to 60 | 39.1 | |
4: 61+ | 27.7 | |
Sex | Male | 40.5 |
Female | 59.5 | |
Household Income | 1: USD 0–9999 | 3.9 |
2: USD 10,000–24,999 | 9.5 | |
3: USD 25,000–49,999 | 18.8 | |
4: USD 50,000–74,999 | 20.1 | |
5: USD 75,000–99,999 | 14.0 | |
6: USD 100,000–124,999 | 9.8 | |
7: USD 125,000–149,999 | 5.9 | |
8: USD 150,000–174,999 | 3.1 | |
9: USD 175,000–199,999 | 2.0 | |
10: USD 200,000+ | 4.4 | |
Prefer not to answer (Missing) | 8.5 | |
Number of Children | 1 | 28.3 |
2 | 39.2 | |
3 | 18.4 | |
4 | 6.3 | |
5 | 2.1 | |
6 | 1.7 | |
Missing | 4.1 | |
High Chemical Intolerance Classification | 22.6 | |
Families reporting autism | 13.0 | |
Families reporting ADHD | 28.6 |
Percentile | Chemical Intolerance Score (0–100) | Any Reported Autism | Any Reported ADHD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Ratio (Compared to the 10th) | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio (Compared to the 10th) | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
100th | >63 | 5.7 *** | [3.57, 9.08] | 2.1 *** | [1.70, 2.63] |
90th | 53 to 63 | 4.1 *** | [2.55, 6.69] | 1.9 *** | [1.53, 2.40] |
80th | 45 to 52 | 3.7 *** | [2.30, 6.09] | 1.7 *** | [1.33, 2.13] |
70th | 38 to 44 | 3.0 *** | [1.83, 4.96] | 1.5 *** | [1.20, 1.93] |
60th | 31 to 37 | 2.8 *** | [1.71, 4.72] | 1.5 *** | [1.18, 1.91] |
50th | 25 to 30 | 2.8 *** | [1.72, 4.69] | 1.6 *** | [1.24, 1.98] |
40th | 18 to 24 | 2.1 ** | [1.25, 3.54] | 1.4 ** | [1.08, 1.75] |
30th | 12 to 17 | 1.7 | [0.99, 2.95] | 1.0 | [0.79, 1.34] |
20th | 6 to 11 | 1.7 | [0.96, 2.89] | 1.2 | [0.92, 1.53] |
10th | <6 | 1.0 | [0.54, 1.81] | 1.0 | [0.76, 1.31] |
Chemical Intolerance Class | Autism | ADHD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Families Not Reporting Autism | Families Reporting Autism | All | % | Families Not Reporting ADHD | Families Reporting ADHD | All | % | |
N | N | N | N | N | N | |||
Low | 948 | 55 | 1003 | 5.5% | 816 | 187 | 1003 | 18.6% |
Mid | 2378 | 271 | 2649 | 10.2% | 1934 | 715 | 2649 | 27.0% |
High | 788 | 251 | 1039 | 24.2% | 608 | 431 | 1039 | 41.5% |
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Palmer, R.F.; Kattari, D.; Rincon, R.; Miller, C.S. Assessing Chemical Intolerance in Parents Predicts the Risk of Autism and ADHD in Their Children. J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14, 350-367. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010022
Palmer RF, Kattari D, Rincon R, Miller CS. Assessing Chemical Intolerance in Parents Predicts the Risk of Autism and ADHD in Their Children. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2024; 14(1):350-367. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010022
Chicago/Turabian StylePalmer, Raymond F., David Kattari, Rodolfo Rincon, and Claudia S. Miller. 2024. "Assessing Chemical Intolerance in Parents Predicts the Risk of Autism and ADHD in Their Children" Journal of Xenobiotics 14, no. 1: 350-367. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010022