The Potential for Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine Disruption in Triclosan and Triclocarban Assessed through a Combination of In Vitro Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Metabolic Activation
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (Ames MPF™ Test)
2.3.2. In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test
2.3.3. In Vitro Comet Assay
2.3.4. XenoScreen® YES/YAS Assay
3. Results
3.1. Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (Ames MPF™ Test)
3.2. In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (CA)
3.3. In Vitro Comet Assay
3.4. XenoScreen® YES/YAS Assay
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Triclosan | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. typhimurium strain | TA 98 | TA 100 | TA 1535 | TA 1537 | ||||
S9 −/+ | S9− | S9+ | S9− | S9+ | S9− | S9+ | S9− | S9+ |
0.5 µg/mL | 0.00 | 4.33 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 2.00 |
FI | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 2.00 * |
1.0 µg/mL | 0.00 | 6.00 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.33 |
FI | 0.00 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.33 |
2.0 µg/mL | 0.00 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.33 |
FI | 0.00 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.33 |
NC | 2.67 | 2.67 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 1.33 | 0.33 |
Baseline | 5.18 | 5.18 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.86 | 1.00 |
PC | 39.67 ** | 48.00 | 48.00 | 48.00 | 48.00 | 48.00 | 48.00 | 44.00 |
FI | 7.65 | 9.26 | 6.86 | 6.86 | 48.00 | 48.00 | 16.78 | 44.00 |
Triclocarban | ||||||||
S. typhimurium strain | TA 98 | TA 100 | TA 1535 | TA 1537 | ||||
S9 −/+ | S9− | S9+ | S9− | S9+ | S9− | S9+ | S9− | S9+ |
2.5 µg/mL | 0.00 | 4.00 | 1.67 | 5.33 | 0.00 | 0.67 | 2.67 | 2.33 |
FI | 0.00 | 0.64 | 0.19 | 0.91 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.89 | 1.17 |
5.0 µg/mL | 2.33 | 4.33 | 3.33 | 4.67 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 2.33 | 1.33 |
FI | 0.39 | 0.69 | 0.37 | 0.80 | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.78 | 0.67 |
10.0 µg/mL | 3.33 | 4.33 | 2 | 5.67 | 0.00 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 1.67 |
FI | 0.56 | 0.69 | 0.22 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.33 | 0.83 |
NC | 3.67 | 5.67 | 9.00 | 3.33 | 1.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 2.00 |
Baseline | 5.98 | 6.24 | 9.00 | 5.85 | 2.00 | 4.73 | 3.00 | 2.00 |
PC | 41.00 | 40.67 | 47.33 | 42.67 | 44.33 | 39.67 | 45.67 | 37.67 |
FI | 6.86 | 6.51 | 5.26 | 7.29 | 22.17 | 8.38 | 15.22 | 18.83 |
Samples/ Controls | Concentration µg/mL | % Abberant Cells | Evaluation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 h + S9 | 4 h − S9 | 26 h − S9 | |||
Triclosan | 2.5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | negative |
5 | 4 | 5 | NE | negative | |
10 | 21 | 10 | NE | positive | |
Triclocarban | 2.5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | negative |
5 | 7 | 7 | NE | borderline | |
10 | 12 | 8 | NE | positive | |
Negative control 1 (culture medium) | 4 | 3 | 4 | negative | |
Positive control 1 (Thio-TEPA, 10−6 M) | 9 | 10 | positive | ||
Negative control 2 (+S9) | 3 | negative | |||
Positive control 2 (cyclophosphamide 10−4 M) | 10 | positive |
Samples/ Controls | Concentration µg/mL | % DNA in Tail Mean ± SD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Triclosan | 2.5 | 3.75 ± 0.34 | 0.060 |
5 | 13.87 ± 1.51 * | <0.0001 | |
10 | 15.99 ± 1.64 * | <0.0001 | |
Triclocarban | 2.5 | 6.08 ± 0.20 * | 0.006 |
5 | 7.86 ± 0.98 * | 0.001 | |
10 | 11.92 ± 2.28 * | 0.0005 | |
Negative control (culture medium) | 0.63 ± 0.07 | - | |
Positive control (1% H2O2) | 91.48 ± 0.75 | - |
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Chrz, J.; Dvořáková, M.; Kejlová, K.; Očadlíková, D.; Svobodová, L.; Malina, L.; Hošíková, B.; Jírová, D.; Bendová, H.; Kolářová, H. The Potential for Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine Disruption in Triclosan and Triclocarban Assessed through a Combination of In Vitro Methods. J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14, 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010002
Chrz J, Dvořáková M, Kejlová K, Očadlíková D, Svobodová L, Malina L, Hošíková B, Jírová D, Bendová H, Kolářová H. The Potential for Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine Disruption in Triclosan and Triclocarban Assessed through a Combination of In Vitro Methods. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2024; 14(1):15-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleChrz, Jan, Markéta Dvořáková, Kristina Kejlová, Danuše Očadlíková, Lada Svobodová, Lukáš Malina, Barbora Hošíková, Dagmar Jírová, Hana Bendová, and Hana Kolářová. 2024. "The Potential for Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine Disruption in Triclosan and Triclocarban Assessed through a Combination of In Vitro Methods" Journal of Xenobiotics 14, no. 1: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010002
APA StyleChrz, J., Dvořáková, M., Kejlová, K., Očadlíková, D., Svobodová, L., Malina, L., Hošíková, B., Jírová, D., Bendová, H., & Kolářová, H. (2024). The Potential for Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine Disruption in Triclosan and Triclocarban Assessed through a Combination of In Vitro Methods. Journal of Xenobiotics, 14(1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010002