Fathers Matter Too: Investigating Their Role with the P-CRS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Interaction Set
3.2. Parent Set
3.3. Child Set
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Child | N = 204 | % (n) |
---|---|---|
Age in months | 43.3 (±16.5) | |
Gender | ||
Male | 127 | 62.3 |
Female | 77 | 37.7 |
Nationality | ||
Italian | 191 | 93.6 |
Others | 13 | 6.4 |
Diagnosis | ||
No diagnosis | 75 | 36.8 |
NOG 1 | 21 | 10.3 |
ASD 2 | 28 | 13.7 |
DD 3 | 39 | 19.1 |
Prematurely | 17 | 8.3 |
ARD 4 | 14 | 6.9 |
Feeding disorder | 10 | 4.9 |
Fathers | N = 204 | % (n) |
Age | 38.4 (±5.9) | |
Marital Status | ||
M/C 5 | 86 | 42.2 |
S/D 6 | 118 | 57.8 |
Employment Status | ||
Employee | 148 | 72.5 |
Self-Employed | 51 | 25 |
Entrepreneur | 4 | 2 |
Unemployed | 1 | 0.5 |
Items | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1R. The interactions are pleasant for the child and for the parent and without reasons of anxiety | 0.793 | |||
2R. The relationship is a stimulus for the growth of both the child and the parent | 0.969 | |||
3R. The interactions are reciprocal and synchronous | 0.895 | |||
4R. Sometimes the parent and the child may be in conflict, but this does not last more than a few days | 0.570 | |||
10. Most interactions between the child and the parent are conflicting and associated with a state of anxiety | 0.841 | |||
11. The relationship, even in the absence of conflict, may be inappropriate from the point of view of the child’s development (e.g., the child is treated as younger than his age) | 0.888 | |||
12. In the relationship there are dysfunctional patterns that appear deeply rooted | 0.952 | |||
25. There is a lack of coherence between the attitudes expressed by the parent towards the child and the observable quality of the interactions (predictability and/or reciprocity are absent in the sequence and order of exchanges) | 0.811 | |||
28. Interactions lack vitality and mutual pleasure | 0.893 | |||
29. The child and the parent appear detached, with little eye contact and little physical closeness | 0.780 | |||
30. The affective tone of the relationship is flat, constricted and characterized by withdrawal and sadness | 0.816 | |||
31. Interactions are tense and do not give a sense of tranquility, fun or mutuality | 0.893 | |||
37. The relationship is characterized by rough and abrupt interactions, often devoid of emotional reciprocity | 0.781 | |||
6. There is a disturbance in the relationship, but limited to only one aspect of functioning (e.g., power supply, play, regulation, etc.) | 0.951 | |||
7. If the child and the parent experience anxiety this lasts for a month or more, however the relationship maintains an adaptive flexibility (e.g., through negotiation) | 0.580 | |||
32. The parent and the child present an anxious mood observable through motor tension, apprehension, agitation, facial expression, vocalization or language | 0.897 | |||
36. Both the parent and the child are hyper-responsive to one another | 0.748 | |||
Cronbach’s α | 0.891 | 0.956 | 0.711 | 0.803 |
Correlations between factors (Pearson’s r) | ||||
F1 | 1.000 | |||
F2 | 0.822 | 1.000 | ||
F3 | 0.373 | 0.438 | 1.000 | |
F4 | 0.793 | 0.880 | 0.507 | 1.000 |
Items | F1 | F2 | F3 |
---|---|---|---|
5R. The parent is able to fully support the functional capabilities appropriate to the age of the child | 0.809 | ||
9. The parent is unable to sustain entire areas of the child’s functioning | 0.882 | ||
17. The parent dominates the child, who reacts with provocative behavior | 0.732 | ||
18. The parent makes requests that are not appropriate to the child’s level of development | 0.882 | ||
23. The parent shows sporadic or infrequent involvement or binding | 0.720 | ||
24. The parent is insensitive and/or unresponsive to the child’s signals | 0.845 | ||
27. The parent is not able to adequately reflect the affective state of the child | 0.894 | ||
33. The parent physically manipulates the child in a clumsy way | 0.787 | ||
15. The parent often interferes with the child’s goals and wishes as she/he does not perceive her/him as a separate individual and with her/his own needs | 0.955 | ||
34. The parent appears to be overprotective and frequently expresses concern for the child’s well-being, behavior or development | 0.590 | ||
26. The parent ignores, refuses or is unable to comfort the child | 0.814 | ||
38. Especially when she/he sees the child as too dependent and demanding, the parent is insensitive to her/his signals | 0.832 | ||
45. The parent misinterprets the baby’s crying as a deliberate negative reaction to her/him | 0.776 | ||
Cronbach’s α | 0.936 | 0.721 | 0.837 |
Correlations between factors (Pearson’s r) | |||
F1 | 1.000 | ||
F2 | 0.923 | 1.000 | |
F3 | 0.967 | 0.831 | 1.000 |
Items | F1 | F2 |
---|---|---|
13. The child has a disability that alters the parent’s ability to maintain an adequate relationship | 0.918 | |
19. In the interaction with the parent the child may appear to be late in motor skills and/or expressive language | 0.836 | |
20. The child shows a narrow range of affective expressions | 0.955 | |
42. The child manifests provocative and aggressive behaviors towards the parent | 0.574 | |
22. The child shows difficulty in separation | 0.512 | |
35. The child is condescending or anxious towards the parent in an unusual way | 0.876 | |
Cronbach’s α | 0.884 | 0.619 |
Correlations between factors (Pearson’s r) | ||
F1 | 1.000 | |
F2 | 0.551 | 1.000 |
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Fortunato, A.; Quintigliano, M.; Franchini, C.; Lauriola, M.; Speranza, A.M. Fathers Matter Too: Investigating Their Role with the P-CRS. Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020038
Fortunato A, Quintigliano M, Franchini C, Lauriola M, Speranza AM. Fathers Matter Too: Investigating Their Role with the P-CRS. Pediatric Reports. 2025; 17(2):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020038
Chicago/Turabian StyleFortunato, Alexandro, Maria Quintigliano, Costanza Franchini, Marco Lauriola, and Anna Maria Speranza. 2025. "Fathers Matter Too: Investigating Their Role with the P-CRS" Pediatric Reports 17, no. 2: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020038
APA StyleFortunato, A., Quintigliano, M., Franchini, C., Lauriola, M., & Speranza, A. M. (2025). Fathers Matter Too: Investigating Their Role with the P-CRS. Pediatric Reports, 17(2), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020038