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Neurology International
Volume 17
Issue 12
10.3390/neurolint17120207
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Retraction of Neurol. Int. 2022, 14(2), 441-452.
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Retraction

RETRACTED: Patel et al. Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke—A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES. Neurol. Int. 2022, 14, 441–452

by
Urvish Patel
1,*,
Neel Patel
1,
Mahika Khurana
2,
Akshada Parulekar
3,
Amrapali Patel
4,
Juan Fernando Ortiz
5,
Rutul Patel
6,
Eseosa Urhoghide
7,
Anuja Mistry
6,
Arpita Bhriguvanshi
8,
Mohammed Abdulqader
9,
Neev Mehta
10,
Kogulavadanan Arumaithurai
11 and
Shamik Shah
12
1
Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
2
Department of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 92093, USA
3
Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
4
Department of Public Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
5
Department of Neurology, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, FL 33143, USA
6
Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Transmountain Campus, El Paso, TX 79430, USA
7
Department of Internal Medicine, Hudson Regional Hosp, Secaucus, NJ 07094, USA
8
Department of Child Neurology, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune City, NJ 07753, USA
9
Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Med Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA
10
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
11
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Albert Lea, MN 56007, USA
12
Department of Neurology, Stormont Vail Health, Topeka, KS 66604, USA
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(12), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17120207
Submission received: 2 December 2025 / Accepted: 10 December 2025 / Published: 18 December 2025
Versions Notes
The journal retracts the article, “Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke—A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES” [1], cited above.
Following publication, concerns were brought to the attention of the publisher regarding several major errors in the data analysis, raising concerns about the validity of the findings.
Adhering to our complaint procedure, an investigation was conducted by the Editorial Office and Editorial Board. Although the authors initially cooperated, they were unable to provide satisfactory explanations or supporting material to resolve the issues identified. Furthermore, attempts to contact the relevant institution for further information were unsuccessful, as no response was received. As a result, the Editorial Board and Editor-in-Chief have lost confidence in the reliability of the findings and have decided to retract the article [1] as per MDPI’s retraction policy (https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark30).
This retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Neurology International.
The authors did not agree to this retraction.

Reference

  1. Patel, U.; Patel, N.; Khurana, M.; Parulekar, A.; Patel, A.; Ortiz, J.F.; Patel, R.; Urhoghide, E.; Mistry, A.; Bhriguvanshi, A.; et al. RETRACTED: Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke—A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES. Neurol. Int. 2022, 14, 441–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Patel, U.; Patel, N.; Khurana, M.; Parulekar, A.; Patel, A.; Ortiz, J.F.; Patel, R.; Urhoghide, E.; Mistry, A.; Bhriguvanshi, A.; et al. RETRACTED: Patel et al. Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke—A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES. Neurol. Int. 2022, 14, 441–452. Neurol. Int. 2025, 17, 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17120207

AMA Style

Patel U, Patel N, Khurana M, Parulekar A, Patel A, Ortiz JF, Patel R, Urhoghide E, Mistry A, Bhriguvanshi A, et al. RETRACTED: Patel et al. Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke—A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES. Neurol. Int. 2022, 14, 441–452. Neurology International. 2025; 17(12):207. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17120207

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patel, Urvish, Neel Patel, Mahika Khurana, Akshada Parulekar, Amrapali Patel, Juan Fernando Ortiz, Rutul Patel, Eseosa Urhoghide, Anuja Mistry, Arpita Bhriguvanshi, and et al. 2025. "RETRACTED: Patel et al. Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke—A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES. Neurol. Int. 2022, 14, 441–452" Neurology International 17, no. 12: 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17120207

APA Style

Patel, U., Patel, N., Khurana, M., Parulekar, A., Patel, A., Ortiz, J. F., Patel, R., Urhoghide, E., Mistry, A., Bhriguvanshi, A., Abdulqader, M., Mehta, N., Arumaithurai, K., & Shah, S. (2025). RETRACTED: Patel et al. Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke—A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES. Neurol. Int. 2022, 14, 441–452. Neurology International, 17(12), 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17120207

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