Financial Incapacity of Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: What Neurologists Need to Know about Where the Impairment Lies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
3. Statistical Analyses
4. Results
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cognitive Domains | Neuropsychological Tests |
---|---|
General cognitive function | Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [10] |
Activities of daily living | Functional Rating Scale for Symptoms of Dementia (FRSSD) [11] |
Executive function | Functional Cognitive Assessment Scale (FUCAS) [12] Digit Span (WAIS-III) backward span [13] Trail Making Test (TMT)-Part B (time to completion; without taking into consideration the time limit as reported in the test manual, but the total time in seconds until completion) [14] |
Visuospatial functions and memory | Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT)-copy condition and delayed recall condition of the complex design [15] |
Verbal learning | Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) [16] |
Language | Boston Naming Test [17] |
Episodic and everyday memory | Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) [18] |
Motor speed, attention and visuoperceptual skills | WAIS-R digit symbol substitution test [19] |
Attention | Digit Span (WAIS-III) forward span [13] |
Neuropsychiatric symptoms | Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) [20] |
Neuropsychological Tests | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
LCPTLAS total score | 0.00 | 212.00 | 145.74 | 73.64 |
Basic monetary skills subdomain | 0.00 | 14.00 | 9.65 | 4.78 |
Cash transactions subdomain | 0.00 | 8.00 | 4.88 | 3.27 |
Statement management subdomain | 0.00 | 8.00 | 4.60 | 3.41 |
Bill payment subdomain | 0.00 | 8.00 | 5.37 | 3.09 |
Conceptual knowledge subdomain | 0.00 | 32.00 | 22.83 | 11.09 |
Decision making subdomain | 0.00 | 114.00 | 77.62 | 40.52 |
Asset knowledge subdomain | 0.00 | 28.00 | 20.77 | 9.10 |
MMSE | 15.00 | 28.00 | 22.18 | 3.68 |
FUCAS | 44.00 | 91.00 | 53.83 | 7.78 |
FRSSD | 3.00 | 18.00 | 8.50 | 3.10 |
NPI | 0.00 | 47.00 | 7.22 | 8.51 |
RAVLT immediate | 0.00 | 7.00 | 3.28 | 1.62 |
RAVLT delayed | 1.00 | 8.00 | 2.76 | 1.87 |
RBMT immediate | 0.00 | 17.00 | 7.29 | 3.86 |
RBMT delayed | 0.00 | 16.00 | 4.81 | 4.31 |
Trail Making Part B (secs to completion regardless of time limit) | 185.00 | 962.00 | 440.22 | 222.00 |
ROCFT copy condition | 2.00 | 36.00 | 23.03 | 8.87 |
ROCFT delayed recall | 0.00 | 25.50 | 5.36 | 4.62 |
Boston Naming Test | 10.00 | 52.00 | 30.24 | 10.39 |
WAIS-R digit symbol substitution test | 3.00 | 34.00 | 14.56 | 7.63 |
Forward digit span | 0.00 | 7.00 | 3.84 | 1.54 |
Backward digit span | 0.00 | 9.00 | 2.78 | 1.73 |
Predictors | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | |||
(Constant) | 27.886 | 44.540 | 0.626 | 0.534 | |
Education in years | 2.201 | 1.743 | 0.123 | 1.263 | 0.213 |
MMSE | 2.489 | 1.530 | 0.147 | 1.627 | 0.110 |
RBMT delayed | 0.819 | 1.184 | 0.064 | 0.691 | 0.493 |
Trail Making Part B | −0.033 | 0.028 | −0.116 | −1.188 | 0.241 |
ROCFT copy condition | 0.444 | 0.997 | 0.046 | 0.446 | 0.658 |
WAIS-R digit symbol substitution test | −0.079 | 0.841 | −0.010 | −0.094 | 0.926 |
Arithmetic item from MMSE | 30.379 | 4.417 | 0.651 | 6.878 | <0.001 |
Dependent Variable: LCPTLAS total score |
Predictors | B | Std. Error | Beta | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable: Basic Monetary Skills | |||||
(Constant) | 2.083 | 2.987 | 0.697 | 0.489 | |
Education in years | 0.212 | 0.117 | 0.187 | 1.816 | 0.075 |
MMSE | 0.115 | 0.103 | 0.107 | 1.119 | 0.269 |
RBMT delayed | 0.098 | 0.079 | 0.120 | 1.231 | 0.224 |
Trail Making Part B | −0.002 | 0.002 | −0.117 | −1.127 | 0.265 |
ROCFT copy condition | 0.059 | 0.067 | 0.096 | 0.882 | 0.382 |
WAIS−R digit symbol substitution test | −0.019 | 0.056 | −0.039 | −0.338 | 0.737 |
Arithmetic item from MMSE | 1.703 | 0.296 | 0.576 | 5.749 | <0.001 |
Dependent Variable: Cash Transactions | |||||
(Constant) | −2.175 | 2.516 | −0.865 | 0.391 | |
Education in years | 0.184 | 0.098 | 0.197 | 1.866 | 0.068 |
MMSE | 0.146 | 0.086 | 0.166 | 1.693 | 0.097 |
RBMT delayed | 0.111 | 0.067 | 0.167 | 1.660 | 0.103 |
Trail Making Part B | −0.001 | 0.002 | −0.080 | −0.750 | 0.457 |
ROCFT copy condition | 0.001 | 0.056 | 0.003 | 0.027 | 0.979 |
WAIS−R digit symbol substitution test | −0.006 | 0.048 | −0.015 | −0.128 | 0.898 |
Arithmetic item from MMSE | 1.338 | 0.249 | 0.552 | 5.363 | <0.001 |
Dependent Variable: Bank Statement Management | |||||
(Constant) | −1.531 | 2.618 | −0.585 | 0.561 | |
Education in years | 0.194 | 0.102 | 0.196 | 1.892 | 0.064 |
MMSE | 0.108 | 0.090 | 0.116 | 1.205 | 0.234 |
RBMT delayed | 0.131 | 0.070 | 0.186 | 1.885 | 0.065 |
Trail Making Part B | −0.002 | 0.002 | −0.111 | −1.059 | 0.295 |
ROCFT copy condition | −0.016 | 0.059 | −0.029 | −0.270 | 0.789 |
WAIS−R digit symbol substitution test | 0.005 | 0.049 | 0.012 | 0.107 | 0.915 |
Arithmetic item from MMSE | 1.452 | 0.260 | 0.564 | 5.591 | <0.001 |
Dependent Variable: Bill Payment | |||||
(Constant) | 0.708 | 2.118 | 0.334 | 0.739 | |
Education in years | 0.104 | 0.083 | 0.129 | 1.260 | 0.214 |
MMSE | 0.108 | 0.073 | 0.140 | 1.483 | 0.144 |
RBMT delayed | 0.015 | 0.056 | 0.026 | 0.263 | 0.793 |
Trail Making Part B | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.102 | −0.989 | 0.328 |
ROCFT copy condition | −0.0015 | 0.047 | −0.033 | −0.306 | 0.761 |
WAIS−R digit symbol substitution test | 0.014 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.343 | 0.733 |
Arithmetic item from MMSE | 1.351 | 0.210 | 0.640 | 6.434 | <0.001 |
Dependent Variable: Financial Conceptual Knowledge | |||||
(Constant) | 1.087 | 6.884 | 0.158 | 0.875 | |
Education in years | 0.373 | 0.269 | 0.137 | 1.384 | 0.173 |
MMSE | 0.390 | 0.236 | 0.152 | 1.651 | 0.105 |
RBMT delayed | 0.016 | 0.183 | 0.008 | 0.090 | 0.929 |
Trail Making Part B | −0.004 | 0.004 | −0.099 | −0.991 | 0.327 |
ROCFT copy condition | 0.217 | 0.154 | 0.147 | 1.406 | 0.166 |
WAIS−R digit symbol substitution test | −0.016 | 0.130 | −0.013 | −0.121 | 0.904 |
Arithmetic item from MMSE | 4.285 | 0.683 | 0.607 | 6.277 | <0.001 |
Dependent Variable: Decision Making | |||||
(Constant) | 15.250 | 25.461 | 0.599 | 0.552 | |
Education in years | 0.947 | 0.996 | 0.094 | 0.950 | 0.347 |
MMSE | 1.459 | 0.874 | 0.153 | 1.668 | 0.102 |
RBMT delayed | 0.335 | 0.677 | 0.047 | 0.494 | 0.623 |
Trail Making Part B | −0.018 | 0.016 | −0.111 | −1.105 | 0.275 |
ROCFT copy condition | 0.137 | 0.570 | 0.025 | 0.241 | 0.810 |
WAIS−R digit symbol substitution test | −0.042 | 0.481 | −0.010 | −0.087 | 0.931 |
Arithmetic item from MMSE | 17.356 | 2.525 | 0.664 | 6.874 | <0.001 |
Dependent Variable: Knowledge of Personal Assets | |||||
(Constant) | 12.464 | 5.380 | 2.317 | 0.025 | |
Education in years | 0.187 | 0.211 | 0.098 | 0.888 | 0.379 |
MMSE | 0.163 | 0.185 | 0.090 | 0.883 | 0.381 |
RBMT delayed | 0.113 | 0.143 | 0.083 | 0.788 | 0.435 |
Trail Making Part B | −0.005 | 0.003 | −0.162 | −1.457 | 0.152 |
ROCFT copy condition | 0.060 | 0.120 | 0.058 | 0.498 | 0.621 |
WAIS−R digit symbol substitution test | −0.015 | 0.102 | −0.018 | −0147 | 0.883 |
Arithmetic item from MMSE | 2.895 | 0.534 | 0.584 | 5.426 | <0.001 |
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Giannouli, V.; Tsolaki, M. Financial Incapacity of Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: What Neurologists Need to Know about Where the Impairment Lies. Neurol. Int. 2022, 14, 90-98. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14010008
Giannouli V, Tsolaki M. Financial Incapacity of Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: What Neurologists Need to Know about Where the Impairment Lies. Neurology International. 2022; 14(1):90-98. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiannouli, Vaitsa, and Magda Tsolaki. 2022. "Financial Incapacity of Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: What Neurologists Need to Know about Where the Impairment Lies" Neurology International 14, no. 1: 90-98. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14010008