Adjunctive Local Agents to Subgingival Instrumentation in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Adjunctive Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
3.2. Adjunctive Locally Delivered Agents
4. Discussion
4.1. Adjunctive Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
4.2. Adjunctive Locally Delivered Agents
4.3. Study Limitations
4.4. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SI | Subgingival instrumentation |
PPD | Periodontal pocket depth |
BOP | Bleeding on probing |
CHX | Chlorhexidine |
CAL | Clinical attachment level |
aPDT | Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy |
ICG | Indocyanine green |
OFD | Open flap debridement |
A1c | Glycated hemoglobin percentage |
NaOCl | Sodium hypochloride |
VAS | Visual analog scale |
CBCT | Cone beam computed topography |
MINST | Minimally invasive non-surgical therapy |
HA | Hyaluronic acid |
L-PRF | Leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin |
References
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Author | n | Randomization | Population | Test Group | Control/Placebo | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Khureif [15] | 17 | Patients | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage III–IV Grade C | SI + [670 nm DL + PTC aPDT on days 1, 3, 7 and 14] | SI + AMOX/MET (500 mg/500 mg) tid for 7 days. | At sites with baseline PPDs of 7 mm or greater, significantly greater reduction in PPD (p = 0.0013) and CAL gain (p < 0.001) at six-month follow-up favored the test group. GCF cytokines changes (reduced IL-17, increased IL-10 both p < 0.05) favored the control group. |
Sukumar [16] | 30 | Split mouth mandibular posterior sextants | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage II Grade A | SI + [810 nm DL + ICG aPDT days 7, 14, 28] | SI alone | PI (p < 0.001), GI (p < 0.001), BOP (p < 0.05), PPD (p < 0.001) and CAL (p < 0.05) presented statistically significant improvements in favor of the aPDT group compared to SI alone. There was also a significantly greater reduction in periodontal pathogens (p < 0.05) at six months in the aPDT group. |
Cláudio [17] | 31 | Patients | Initial treatment T2D A1c > 7%, Periodontitis Stage III–IV Grade C | SI + [660 nm DL + MB aPDT on days 1, 2 and 4] | SI alone | No statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the improvement in PPD, CAL and BOP when comparing the test and control group. Levels of Pg and Pi were unchanged in both groups. |
Annunziata [18] | 24 | Split mouth, periodontal pockets | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage II–III | SI + [810 nm DL + ICG aPDT on days 7 and 28] | SI + ICG irrigation | No statistically significant difference between improvement in PPD, CAL, and BOP after six months of follow-up when comparing the test and control group (p > 0.05). |
Andere [19] | 46 | Patient | Maintenance, Periodontitis Stage III–IV Grade C | SI + [660 nm DL + MB aPDT on days 1, 2, 7 and 14] | OFD | OFD resulted in greater PPD reduction (p = 0.001), GR (p = 0.001), early dentin hypersensitivity (p = 0.03) and postoperative pain (p = 0.03) compared to aPDT. CAL gain was similar in both test and control groups (p > 0.05). |
Costa [20] | 24 | Split mouth, randomized quadrants | Maintenance, Periodontitis Stage II–III, Grade A | SI + [909 nm DL + ICG aPDT on days 1 and 15] | SI + Sham aPDT/saline irrigation | Statistically significant difference of improvement in BOP (p = 0.046) and PISA (p = 0.001) after six months of follow-up supported the use of the test treatment when compared to the control. CAL and PPD improvement were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). |
Niazi [21] | 73 | Patients | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage II–III | SI + [Sp gel] or [810 nm DL + ICG aPDT] | SI alone | In initially deep sites, aPDT group provided significantly greater CAL and PPD improvement measured at six months of follow-up compared to the control and Sp groups (p < 0.05). The Sp gel group presented a statistically significantly greater reduction in BOP at six months (p < 0.05) compared to aPDT and the control group. |
Katsikanis [22] | 21 | Split mouth, randomized quadrants | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage III Grade A–B | SI + [670 nm DL + MB aPDT] or [940 nm DL] | SI alone | No statistically significant difference in CAL, PPD and BOP improvements between test and control groups at six months of follow-up (p > 0.05). |
Al-Momani [23] | 50 | Split mouth | Initial treatment T2D, Periodontitis Stage III–IV Grade B–C | TG1: A1c < 6% TG2: T2D, A1c 6–10% TG3: T2D, A1c > 10% SI + 810 nm DL + ICG | CG1: A1c < 6% CG2: T2D, A1c 6–10% CG3: T2D, A1c > 10% SI alone | TG1 vs CG1: CAL gain and PPD reduction greater in aPDT group (p < 0.05). TG2 vs CG2: CAL gain, PPD and BOP improvement greater in aPDT group (p < 0.05). TG3 vs CG3: CAL and BOP improvement greater in aPDT group (p < 0.05), PPD reduction was similar in both groups (p > 0.05). |
Cunha [24] | 38 | Patients | Initial treatment, T1D, Periodontitis Stage III–IV Grade A | TG1: DSRP TG2: DPDT SI + [650 nm DL + MB aPDT on days 1, 7, 14] | CG1: CSRP CG2: CPDT | No statistically significant difference in improvements measured in CAL, PPD and BOP at six months for SI with compared to SI without adjunctive aPDT (p > 0.05), with overall healthy control patients improving more than T1D patients in the test group regarding PPD reduction after aPDT treatment (p < 0.05). |
Cláudio [25] | 45 | Patients | Maintenance T2D A1c > 7% Periodontitis Stage III–IV Grade C | SI + [oxygen releasing gel + 660 nm DL + MB] or [oxygen releasing gel] | SI alone | Improvement in PPD, CAL, BOP did not support the use of the test intervention at six-month follow-up in this group of poorly controlled diabetic patients (no statistically significant difference between test and control groups with p > 0.05). |
De Araújo [26] | 63 | Residual pockets | Maintenance, Periodontitis Stage III | SI + [660 nm DL + CAPC aPDT] | SI + saline irrigation | No statistically significant difference in PPD, CAL and BOP after six months of follow-up in treated residual pockets (p > 0.05). Test pockets did see a statistically significant difference compared to control sites, with a greater improvement of gingival bleeding index (p = 0.041). |
Schär [27] | 40 | Patients | Maintenance, Periodontitis Stage II–III | SI + [760 nm DL + PTC tg-aPDT] | SI alone | Similar improvements in both groups were seen at six months of follow-up for CAL and PPD (no statistically significant difference between test and control with p > 0.05). The aPDT test group showed a statistically significant greater reduction in BOP compared to the control group (p < 0.05). |
Author | n | t | Randomization | Population | Test Group | Control/Placebo | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barahim [28] | 24 | 6 mo | Patients | Initial treatment T2D A1c < 7% Periodontitis Stage III Grade B | SI + OZ gel | SI alone | Statistically significant greater reduction in VAS depiction of pain at seven days after SI (p = 0.017) and of PDL ligament width on periapical radiograph (p = 0.014) at the six-month follow-up compared to the control group. |
Gonde [29] | 22 | 6 mo | Split mouth, intrabony defect pair | Periodontitis, intrabony defects Periodontitis Stage III | SI + Melatonin gel | SI alone | Statistically significant differences favoring the test group were observed in bone fill visible on CBCT, as well as CAL and PPD improvement compared to the control group (p < 0.05). |
Iorio-Siciliano [30] | 40 | 6 mo | Patients | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage III–IV Grade A–B | MINST + NaOCl gel | MINST alone | Test group presented statistically significant increase in percentage of pocket closure and residual pockets without bleeding compared to MINST alone (p = 0.001). This was also the case for PPD reduction and CAL gain (p = 0.001) |
Qamar [31] | 150 | 6 mo | Patients | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage II–III | SI + [810 nm DL + ICG aPDT] or Aloe vera gel | SI alone | Statistically significant improvement in cytokine profiles (p < 0.05) maintained at six months in both treatment groups compared to the control. PI, BOP, PPD and CAL improvements favored the Aloe vera gel group when compared to both aPDT and SI alone (p < 0.05). BOP reduction was still greater in the aPDT group compared to control (p < 0.05). In deep pockets (>6 mm), the aPDT test group presented a greater improvement in CAL compared to both control and Aloe vera gel groups (p < 0.05). |
Raj [32] | 60 | 6 mo | Randomized intrabony pockets | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage III Grade B | G1: Periodontitis alone, G2: Periodontitis and controlled T2D (A1c < 7%). SI + zoledronate gel | SI + placebo gel | At six months, PI, PPD, RAL, DD on IOPA and CBCT as well as DDR% improved more in test compared to placebo in non-diabetics (statistically significant with p < 0.05). In diabetics, this was still true for PPD, RAL, DD on IOPA and CBCT as well as DDR% (p < 0.05). |
Ramanauskaite [33] | 48 | 6 mo | Patients | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage II–III Grade A-B | Pre SI NaOCl, repeated 2–3 times + CL-HA gel in sterile field | SI alone with sterile field | CAL, BOP and PPD reduction favored the test (p < 0.001), but test group also had statistically significant better hygiene at end of follow-up (p < 0.001). The percentage of residual pockets 4–6 mm (p < 0.001) and residual 7 mm+ favored the test as well (p = 0.003). |
Ramanauskaite [34] | 48 | 6 mo | Patients | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage II–III Grade A–B | Pre SI NaOCl, repeated 2–3 times + CL-HA gel in sterile field. | SI alone with sterile field | At six months, less frequent detection of Pg (p = 0.034), Td (p < 0.01) and Pi (p = 0.02) was found in the test compared to the control, the latter did not show a significant improvement. |
Wallin-Bengtsson [35] | 38 | 12 mo | Patients | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage I–IV, Grade A–C | SI + Pre and post SI NaOCl | SI alone | No difference in clinical parameters or mean OHIP scores between the test group and control (p > 0.05). |
Ariel [36] | 34 | 6 mo | Split-mouth design | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage III | SI + thermosensitive gel with an active HA, repeated at 1 month in PPD 5 mm or more | SI alone | Statistically significant greater improvement in BOP, CAL and PPD in the test group compared to SI alone at six months (p < 0.0001). |
Rapone [37] | 90 | 6 mo | Patients | Initial treatment Periodontitis Stage II–IV, Grade A–B | SI + OZ irrigation protocol | SI alone | Statistically significant improvements in PPD, CAL and BOP favored the test compared to SI alone (p < 0.0001). |
Scribante [38] | 6 mo | Split mouth design | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage III | SI + OZ gel repeated at home. | SI + CHX gel repeated at home | Ozone gel performed as well as CHX gel in CAL, PPD, BOP, PCR. Rec and TM were maintained regardless of type of treatment (p > 0.05). | |
Taalab [39] | 30 | 6 mo | Patients | Initial treatment Periodontitis Stage II Grade B | SI + TTO | SI alone | Statistically significant improvement favored the TTO gel when measuring MMP-8 levels, BOP and CAL (p < 0.05). |
Omar [40] | 24 | 6 mo | Patients | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage II | SI + L-PRF + METRO | SI + L-PRF | Modified gingival index decrease also favored the test group (p < 0.001). CAL, PPD and BOP improved similarly between the test and control group after six months (p > 0.05). |
Ilyes [41] | 64 | 6 mo | Patients | Initial treatment, Periodontitis Stage III–IV | SI + PTG or DOX | SI + placebo gel | PPD, CAL and BOP showed no significant difference between the test and the control group (p > 0.05). Same conclusions were drawn from quantification of periodontal pathogen following treatment. |
Benyei [42] | 50 | 9 mo | Patients | Maintenance, Periodontitis Stage III–IV | SI+ adjunctive NaOCl gel at residual pockets | SI alone | Greater improvement in CAL and PPD observed in the test group at nine months of follow-up (p < 0.001). BOP presented similar improvements in both test and control groups (p > 0.05). |
Bertl [43] | 56 | 12 mo | Pockets | Maintenance, Periodontitis Stage III–IV Grade B–C | HA gel repeated daily supragingival for 3 months. | SI + placebo saline | Multivariable regression analysis showed that presence of plaque was a significant predictor of persistent disease at a site (7.938 OR with p = 0.001). Regarding clinical parameters, both treatments performed the same (p > 0.05). |
Pilloni [44] | 50 | 12 mo | Split mouth, randomized residual pockets | Maintenance, Periodontitis Stage III | SI + Polynucleotides and HA | SI alone | Significantly greater reduction in mSBI in sites at baseline PPD 6 mm or more after one year of follow-up (p = 0.004), otherwise no statistically significant difference was seen between test and control groups (p > 0.05). |
Radulescu [45] | 62 | 12 mo | Patients | Maintenance, Periodontitis Stage III–IV | SI + NaOCl gel or CHX gel | SI + placebo gel | Pocket closure percentage showed a significant advantage for the test compared to the control group and CHX gel group up to twelve months post SI (p = 0.044). Periodontal pathogen counts reduction, GR, PPD reduction and CAL gain were similar in all three groups (p > 0.05). |
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Boivin, W.G.; Cory, M.T.; Kormas, I.; Wolff, L.F. Adjunctive Local Agents to Subgingival Instrumentation in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2025, 17, 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060697
Boivin WG, Cory MT, Kormas I, Wolff LF. Adjunctive Local Agents to Subgingival Instrumentation in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(6):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060697
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoivin, William G., Maxwell T. Cory, Ioannis Kormas, and Larry F. Wolff. 2025. "Adjunctive Local Agents to Subgingival Instrumentation in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials and Future Perspectives" Pharmaceutics 17, no. 6: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060697
APA StyleBoivin, W. G., Cory, M. T., Kormas, I., & Wolff, L. F. (2025). Adjunctive Local Agents to Subgingival Instrumentation in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics, 17(6), 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060697