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Article

Improving Pulmonary Delivery of Budesonide Suspensions Nebulized with Constant-Output Vibrating Mesh Nebulizers by Using Valved Holding Chamber

by
Tomasz R. Sosnowski
1,*,
Izabela Kazimierczak
1,
Aleksandra Sawczuk
1,
Kamil Janeczek
2 and
Andrzej Emeryk
3
1
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Allergology and Pediatrics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
3
Department of Pediatrics, Lung Diseases and Rheumatology, University Chidren’s Hospital in Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(6), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060696 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 April 2025 / Revised: 13 May 2025 / Accepted: 22 May 2025 / Published: 26 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Vibrating mesh nebulizers (VMNs) are not only used to deliver typical pulmonary drugs but are also a promising platform for novel formulations and therapeutic applications. Typically, these devices operate continuously or on demand and are directly connected to the outflow interface (mouthpiece or mask) without valving systems that could spare the drug during exhalation. This paper examines the possibility of increasing the delivery of inhaled budesonide aerosol by attaching a valved holding chamber (VHC) to selected VMNs. Methods: A laboratory in vitro study was conducted for seven budesonide (BUD) nebulization products (0.25 mg/mL). The rates of aerosol delivery from VMNs alone or VMN + VHC systems were determined gravimetrically for a simulated breathing cycle, while droplet size distributions in mists were measured by laser diffraction. Results: The VMN + VHC systems increased the amount of aerosol available for inhalation and the fraction of fine particles that could penetrate the pulmonary region. Depending on the VMN and BUD product, a relative increase of 30–300% in the total drug delivery (T) and 50–350% in the pulmonary drug availability (P) was obtained. The results are explained by the reduction in aerosol losses during exhalation (the fugitive emission) by the VHC and the simultaneous elimination of the largest droplets due to coalescence and deposition in the chamber. Both VMN and BUD affected the aerosol’s properties and discharge mass and thus the actual benefits of the VHC. Conclusions: While the results confirm the superiority of VMN + VHC over VMNs alone in nebulizing BUD suspensions, they also show that it is difficult to predict the effects quantitatively without testing the individual nebulizer–chamber–drug combination.
Keywords: inhalation; nebulization; drug availability; aerosol; budesonide inhalation; nebulization; drug availability; aerosol; budesonide
Graphical Abstract

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sosnowski, T.R.; Kazimierczak, I.; Sawczuk, A.; Janeczek, K.; Emeryk, A. Improving Pulmonary Delivery of Budesonide Suspensions Nebulized with Constant-Output Vibrating Mesh Nebulizers by Using Valved Holding Chamber. Pharmaceutics 2025, 17, 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060696

AMA Style

Sosnowski TR, Kazimierczak I, Sawczuk A, Janeczek K, Emeryk A. Improving Pulmonary Delivery of Budesonide Suspensions Nebulized with Constant-Output Vibrating Mesh Nebulizers by Using Valved Holding Chamber. Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(6):696. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060696

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sosnowski, Tomasz R., Izabela Kazimierczak, Aleksandra Sawczuk, Kamil Janeczek, and Andrzej Emeryk. 2025. "Improving Pulmonary Delivery of Budesonide Suspensions Nebulized with Constant-Output Vibrating Mesh Nebulizers by Using Valved Holding Chamber" Pharmaceutics 17, no. 6: 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060696

APA Style

Sosnowski, T. R., Kazimierczak, I., Sawczuk, A., Janeczek, K., & Emeryk, A. (2025). Improving Pulmonary Delivery of Budesonide Suspensions Nebulized with Constant-Output Vibrating Mesh Nebulizers by Using Valved Holding Chamber. Pharmaceutics, 17(6), 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060696

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