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Pharmaceutics
Volume 16
Issue 5
10.3390/pharmaceutics16050677
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Perspective

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Biomarkers; towards Better Dosing of Antimicrobial Therapy

by
Eman Wehbe
1,2,
Asad E. Patanwala
1,3,
Christine Y. Lu
1,4,5,
Hannah Yejin Kim
1,2,6,
Sophie L. Stocker
1,2,6,7 and
Jan-Willem C. Alffenaar
1,2,6,*
1
Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
2
Department of Pharmacy, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
3
Department of Pharmacy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
4
Department of Pharmacy, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
5
Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, The Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
6
Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
7
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(5), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050677
Submission received: 8 April 2024 / Revised: 8 May 2024 / Accepted: 13 May 2024 / Published: 17 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Pharmacokinetics-Based Individualization of Drug Therapy, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Due to variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, clinical outcomes of antimicrobial drug therapy vary between patients. As such, personalised medication management, considering both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, is a growing concept of interest in the field of infectious diseases. Therapeutic drug monitoring is used to adjust and individualise drug regimens until predefined pharmacokinetic exposure targets are achieved. Minimum inhibitory concentration (drug susceptibility) is the best available pharmacodynamic parameter but is associated with many limitations. Identification of other pharmacodynamic parameters is necessary. Repurposing diagnostic biomarkers as pharmacodynamic parameters to evaluate treatment response is attractive. When combined with therapeutic drug monitoring, it could facilitate making more informed dosing decisions. We believe the approach has potential and justifies further research.
Keywords: therapeutic drug monitoring; biomarkers; precision medicine; PK/PD therapeutic drug monitoring; biomarkers; precision medicine; PK/PD

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wehbe, E.; Patanwala, A.E.; Lu, C.Y.; Kim, H.Y.; Stocker, S.L.; Alffenaar, J.-W.C. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Biomarkers; towards Better Dosing of Antimicrobial Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2024, 16, 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050677

AMA Style

Wehbe E, Patanwala AE, Lu CY, Kim HY, Stocker SL, Alffenaar J-WC. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Biomarkers; towards Better Dosing of Antimicrobial Therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2024; 16(5):677. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050677

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wehbe, Eman, Asad E. Patanwala, Christine Y. Lu, Hannah Yejin Kim, Sophie L. Stocker, and Jan-Willem C. Alffenaar. 2024. "Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Biomarkers; towards Better Dosing of Antimicrobial Therapy" Pharmaceutics 16, no. 5: 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050677

APA Style

Wehbe, E., Patanwala, A. E., Lu, C. Y., Kim, H. Y., Stocker, S. L., & Alffenaar, J.-W. C. (2024). Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Biomarkers; towards Better Dosing of Antimicrobial Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 16(5), 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050677

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