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Volume 16
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10.3390/pharmaceutics16101333
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Review

Innovations in Nanoemulsion Technology: Enhancing Drug Delivery for Oral, Parenteral, and Ophthalmic Applications

by
Shery Jacob
1,*,
Fathima Sheik Kather
1,
Sai H. S. Boddu
2,3,
Jigar Shah
4 and
Anroop B. Nair
5
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
3
Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
4
Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India
5
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(10), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101333
Submission received: 5 September 2024 / Revised: 14 October 2024 / Accepted: 15 October 2024 / Published: 17 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nano/Microemulsions in Drug Delivery and Controlled Release)
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Abstract

Nanoemulsions (NEs) are submicron-sized heterogeneous biphasic liquid systems stabilized by surfactants. They are physically transparent or translucent, optically isotropic, and kinetically stable, with droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm. Their unique properties, such as high surface area, small droplet size, enhanced bioavailability, excellent physical stability, and rapid digestibility, make them ideal for encapsulating various active substances. This review focuses on recent advancements, future prospects, and challenges in the field of NEs, particularly in oral, parenteral, and ophthalmic delivery. It also discusses recent clinical trials and patents. Different types of in vitro and in vivo NE characterization techniques are summarized. High-energy and low-energy preparation methods are briefly described with diagrams. Formulation considerations and commonly used excipients for oral, ocular, and ophthalmic drug delivery are presented. The review emphasizes the need for new functional excipients to improve the permeation of large molecular weight unstable proteins, oligonucleotides, and hydrophilic drugs to advance drug delivery rapidly.
Keywords: nanoemulsions; oral; ophthalmic; parenteral; preparation; evaluation; clinical trials; patents nanoemulsions; oral; ophthalmic; parenteral; preparation; evaluation; clinical trials; patents

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jacob, S.; Kather, F.S.; Boddu, S.H.S.; Shah, J.; Nair, A.B. Innovations in Nanoemulsion Technology: Enhancing Drug Delivery for Oral, Parenteral, and Ophthalmic Applications. Pharmaceutics 2024, 16, 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101333

AMA Style

Jacob S, Kather FS, Boddu SHS, Shah J, Nair AB. Innovations in Nanoemulsion Technology: Enhancing Drug Delivery for Oral, Parenteral, and Ophthalmic Applications. Pharmaceutics. 2024; 16(10):1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101333

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jacob, Shery, Fathima Sheik Kather, Sai H. S. Boddu, Jigar Shah, and Anroop B. Nair. 2024. "Innovations in Nanoemulsion Technology: Enhancing Drug Delivery for Oral, Parenteral, and Ophthalmic Applications" Pharmaceutics 16, no. 10: 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101333

APA Style

Jacob, S., Kather, F. S., Boddu, S. H. S., Shah, J., & Nair, A. B. (2024). Innovations in Nanoemulsion Technology: Enhancing Drug Delivery for Oral, Parenteral, and Ophthalmic Applications. Pharmaceutics, 16(10), 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101333

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